1.
3 consequences of behavior: 1) A neutral consequence neither increases nor decreases the probability that the response will recur
2) Reinforcement strengthens the response or makes it more likely to recur
3) Punishment weakens the repsonse or makes it less likely to recur
2.
6 Reasons punishment Fails: 1) People often administer the punishment inappropriately or mindlessly
2) The recipient of punishment often responds with anxiety, fear, or rage
3) The effectiveness of the punishment is often temporary, depending heavily on the presence of the punishing person or circumstances
4) Most behavior is hard to punish immediately
5) Punishment conveys little information
6) An action intended to punish may instead be reinforcing becasue it brings attention.
3.
B.F. Skinner: explained that thoughts and feelings cannot explain behavior
4.
Behaviorism: an approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior
5.
Classical Conditioning: the process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elict a response through association with a stimulus that already elicts a similar or related response
6.
Conditioned Response: a response that is elicted by a conditioned stimulus' occurs after the condidtioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus
7.
Conditioned Stimulus: an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus
8.
Conditioning: a basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses
9.
coninuous reinforcement: a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforced
10.
counterconditioning: the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a repsonse that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response
11.
extinction: the weakening and eventual deisappearance of a learned response; it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
12.
intermittent schedule of reinforcement: a reinforcement schedule in which a paricular response is sometimes but not always reinforced
13.
latent learning: a form of learning that is not immediatly expressed in an overt response, it occurs without obvious reinforcement
14.
Learning: a relatively permanent change in the behavior(or behavioral potential) due to experience
15.
negative reinforcement: reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus. as a result, the response becomesstronger or more likely to occur
16.
observational learning: a process by which an individual learns new respsonses by observing the behavior of another rather than through direct experience.
17.
Operant Conditioning: the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences
18.
positive reinforcement: a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus. as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur
19.
primary reinforcers: a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need. ex. food
20.
secondary reinforcers: a stimulus that has been acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers
21.
shaping: an operant conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced
22.
social-cognitive theories: theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs.
23.
spontaneous recovery: the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction
24.
stimulus discrimination: tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli, occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR
25.
stimulus generalization: the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning; in classical conditioning it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the CS elicits the CR
26.
Unconditioned Response: a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning
27.
Unconditioned Stimulus: the classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive respsonse in the absence of learning
