Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 22 Respiratory System
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ellenmeasley on March 21, 2012
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80 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 functions of the respiratory system | O and CO exchange between blood and air, speech and vocalization, sense of smell, helps control pH, helps regulate BP, pressure gradients promote the flow of lymph and venous blood, filter small blood clots, helps expel abdominal contents |
| upper respiratory organs | nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx |
| lower respiratory organs | trachea and down |
| nose | hairs filter out particular matter in the air, warm and humidify air |
| nose tissues | nasal bone and hyaline cartilage hold open the nose |
| nasal conchea and meatus | in the nasal cavity and create turbulence to incoming air- this warms the air, has contact with mucous membrane, which humidifies the air; superior, middle (ethmoid) and inferior(sphenoid) portions |
| nasal mucosa | mainly pseusdostratified epithelium |
| goblet cells | in the nasal cavity and secrete mucus with lysozyme , which destroy bacteria |
| olfactory epithelium | in the nasal cavity and is epithelium that detects odors; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia |
| respiratory epithelium | mobile cells in the nasal cavity that have goblet cells and move mucus posterior toward the pharynx |
| pharynx | consist of nasopharynx, oropharynx, and larngopharynx |
| nasopharynx | part of the pharynx that is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium and eustachian tubes connect to it |
| oropharynx | space between the posterior margin of the soft palate and epiglottis, stratified spaumous, so it is stress resistant |
| laryngopharynx | where the esophagus begins and is stratified squamous epithelia |
| larynx | contain the vocal chords and epiglottis is protected by cartilages |
| epiglottis | guards the airway when swallowing |
| larynx cartilages | thyroid, cricoid, and tracheal (which is connected by the trachealis muscle in the back, which helps control tracheal diameter |
| trachea | also known as the wind pipe, is support by the C shaped hyaline cartilage rings; has a thin layer of mucus called th mucocilary elevater |
| mucocilary escalator | ciliary hairs in the trachea that move mucus back up to be swallowed |
| right lung | 3 lobes |
| costal surface | the face of the lungs that is pressed against the rib cage |
| mediastinal surface | the face of the lungs that face the median; exhibits a hilum, which is a slit through which the lung receives the main bronchus, blood vessels and lymphatics and nerves |
| cardiac impression | the face of the left lung that presses against the heart |
| diaphragmatic surface | the base of the lungs that press up against and pull on the diaphragm |
| bronchi | consist of the primary bronchi which branch out in secondary bronchi which bronchi out into the tertiary bronchi; all are lined with pseudostratifed ciliated columnar epithelia |
| bronchioles | the continuation of the airway that lacks supportive cartilage, have ciliated columnar epithelium and smooth muscle in their walls; divides into terminal bronchioles which is the final branch of the conducting division; have cilia so the mucus draining from the higher passages can be driven back by the escalator |
| respiratory bronchioles | the beginning of the respiratory division and because their alveoli participate in gas exchange; branch off of terminal bronchioles-ciliated cuboidal; each divide into 2-10 alveolar ducts |
| alveoli | where most gas exchange takes place; covered by alveolar capillary beds which is part of pulmonary circulation |
| type 1 pneumoncyte | an alveolus that is squamous and involved in gas excahnge |
| type 2 pneumocyte | a type of alveolus that secrete pulmonary surfactant, which decreses surface tension and keeps alveoli open |
| alveolar macrophage | a cell that eats the dust of debris in the air of the alveoli |
| visceral pleurae | clings to the lungs |
| parietal pleurae | lines the rib cage |
| pleural cavity | potential space between pleurae and is lubricated with fluid; the 3 functions of the fluid and pleurae are to reduce friction, create pressure gradient and compartmentilize, which prevents the spread of infection |
| pulmonary ventialtion | 1 cycle of inspiration and expiration; requires a pressure gradient, which is controlled by respiratory muscles |
| diaphragm | a respiratory muscle and is the prime mover, dome shaped and contraction flattens it |
| external and internal intercostals | the synergist of the diaphragm; the external are for inspiration and the internal are for expiration(forced) |
| neural control of breathing | breathing can be involuntary or vonluntary, no pulmonary pacemaker exist so everything comes from stimuli; the nuerons are located in the pons and medulla oblongata for unconscious breathing, and conscious breathing is controlled by a motor complex |
| inspiratory neurons | neurons that fire during inspiration |
| expiratiory neurons | fire during forced expiration |
| phrenic nerves | signals from neurons are sent through these to the diaphragm |
| intercostal nerves | signals from neurons are sent through these to the intercostal muscles |
| 1 atmosphere= | 760mmHg |
| Boyle's law | gas pressure is inversely proportional to lung volume; V1P1=V2P2 |
| F~ AP/R | the flow of fluid is directly proportional to the pressure difference between 2 points and inversely proportional to resistance |
| intrapleural pressure during inspiration | 754 mmHg; the visceral pleura cling to the parietal pleura and the volume of the thoracic cavity increases |
| intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration | 757 mmHg;the lungs expand with visceral pleura |
| Charles law | inflation aided by warming of inhaled air V~T; there is 500 mL of airflowing into the lungs in a quiet breath |
| passive expiration | during quiet breathing, expiration is achieved by elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage; as volume of the oracic cavity decreases, intrapulmonary pressue increases and air is expelled |
| anatomic dead space | the fact that gas exchange does not occur in conducting divisions |
| physiologic dead space | the sum of anatomic dead space and any pathological alveolar dead space |
| alveolar ventilation rate | air that ventilates alveoli x respiratory rate (500mL-150mL)x12bpm=4200ml); this is directly relevant to ability to exchange gases |
| spirometer | measures ventilations |
| tidal volume | the volume of air in one quiet breath (~500mL) |
| inspiratory reserve volume | air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort |
| expiratory reserve volume | air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort |
| residual volume | air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration |
| vital capacity | total amount of air we can exhale after may inspiration; VC=IRV+TV+ERV |
| inspiratory capacity | maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration; IC=TV+IRV |
| functional residual capacity | amount of air in lungs after a normal tidal expiration; FRC=ERV+RV |
| total lung capacity | maximum amount of air lungs can hold; TLC=IRV+TV+ERV+RV |
| Dalton's law | Patm=PN2+PO2+PCO2+PH2O; what we breathe is a mixture of gas |
| Patm | all partial pressures add up to equal atmospheric pressure, which is 760mmHg |
| converting gas percentage into mmHg | gas percentage x 760= partial pressure mmHg; add them all together and you will get the atm pressure |
| alveolar pressure | is lower in N2 and O2, because some goes in the blood and CO2 and H2O are lower because we are trying to get rid of CO2 in the blood and we are trying to increase humidity- because H2O is higher in alveoli this means we dehydrate |
| gas solubility | this increases gas exchange by being water soluble and being able to dissolve; CO2 is 20x more than O2 |
| membrane thickness | the thicker the wall the harder it is to exchange gas; someone with pneumonia has a thicker membrane |
| membrane surface area | the more membrane available the more gas exchange available; things that effect this are emphysema, which is where they have problems with gas exchange and have trouble breathing out. |
| Ventilation and perfusion matching | the ratio of V to Q; what is the ratio tho V in the lung to Q in the lungs; respiratory rate(V) L/min/QL/min= 0.8; if this value drops the ventilation rate drops |
| gas transport | the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa |
| HHb deoxyhemoglobin | when a heme group has no O2 attached |
| HbO2 oxyhemoglobin | if one or more O2 are bound to a heme group |
| oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve | the graph that shows the relationship between hemoglobin and PO2; at low Po2 the curve rises slowly then there is a rapid increase in oxygen loading as Po2 rises further. this is becasueafter the first binding of O2the hemoglobin changes shape and the O2 bind easier and faster. at the end of the curve it levels off because the heme are reaching 100% saturation in O2; has a hyperbolic decrease. the alveoli are 100% saturated while the levels drop in the tissues |
| 3 main chemicals that drive respiration | pH, Pco2,PO2-most powerful to least |
| respiratory acidosis | pH < 7.35; too many protons |
| hypercapnia | too much CO2 and causes acidosis, because as CO2 increases H+ increases |
| hyperventilation | the hypercapnia detects chemoreceptors especially in CSF and signals respiration increase which gets rid of the CO2 |
| alkalosis | pH>7.45 |
| hypocapnia | a decrease in CO2 becasue a decrease in H+; causes hypoventilation and slow breathing in of CO2 causes respiration to drop |
| chronic hypoxemia | when the O2 blood levels are too low; >60 mmHg, usually happens through pathogens or extremely high altitudes |
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