BCHS - Global 9 - Vocab
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aprilrooney on March 22, 2012
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379 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Nomad | person who moves from place to place in search of food |
| Cultural diffusion | Exchange of ideas, customs, and goods among cultures |
| Neolithic | New Stone Age |
| Pharaoh | Egyptian ruler |
| Fertile Crescent | crescent-shaped region of good farmland created by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers |
| Middle Kingdom | traditional name for Chinese civilization, so-called because the Chinese believed China was the center of the Earth |
| dynasty | ruling family |
| Mandate of Heaven | divine approval to rule |
| feudalism | system of government in which local lords control their own lands but owe military service and other support to a greater lord |
| Maurya dynasty | ruled the first united Indian empire |
| bureaucracy | system of managing government through departments that are run by appointed officials |
| polis | city-state in ancient Greece |
| aristocracy | government ruled by the landholding elite |
| Hellenistic | type of culture, resulting from Alexander the Great's conquests that blended eastern and western influences |
| Republic | system of government in which officials are chosen by the people |
| Senate | most powerful governing body of ancient Rome |
| Patricians | member of the landholding upper class in ancient Rome |
| Plebeians | member of the lower class in ancient Rome i.e. farmers, merchants, artisans, traders |
| Pax Romana | Roman Peace |
| Laws of the Twelve Tables | laws of ancient Rome written on 12 tablets and displayed in the marketplace |
| aqueducts | bridge like stone structures that carried water from the hills to the cities |
| Silk Road | ancient trade route that linked china with lands to the west |
| Wudi | most famous of the Han emperors |
| monopoly | complete control of a product or business by one person or group |
| animism | belief that ever living and nonliving think in nature has a spirit |
| brahman | single unifying spirit of the Hindu belief |
| reincarnation | rebirth of the soul in a new body |
| Karma | in Hinduism, all the deed of a person's life that affect existence in the next life |
| Dharma | in Hinduism, the moral and religious duties that are expected of an individual |
| Upanishad | philosophical dialogues about Hindu beliefs |
| Buddha | Enlightened One |
| monotheistic | belief in one god |
| Torah | sacred scripture of the Hebrews |
| Messiah | savior sent by God Jesus |
| Bible | sacred text of Christianity |
| hijra | Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 |
| Quran | sacred scriptures of Islam |
| Sharia | system of Islamic laws |
| missionaries | people dedicated to spreading a religion |
| disapora | scattering of people |
| untouchable | outcasts who lived harsh lives |
| joint families | parents, children, grandparents, uncles and their children shared a common home |
| patriarchal | father or oldest male heading the household |
| decimal system | system we use based on the number 10 |
| Arabic numerals | written numbers we use today |
| stupas | large dome-shaped shrines that contained the remains of holy people |
| Tang dynasty | powerful dynasty that ruled China from 618 to 907 |
| tributary states | independent stat that must acknowledge the supremacy of another state and pay tribute to its ruler |
| gentry | wealthy landowners who preferred scholarship over physical labor |
| porcelain | hard shiny pottery |
| autocrat | single ruler with complete authority |
| Justinian's Code | code of laws organized by the Byzantine emperor Justinian in the 500s |
| Icons | holy images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary or saints of the Orthodox Christian church |
| Mosaics | pictures or designs formed by inlaid pieces of stone or other materials, often showed biblical scenes |
| Patriarch | highest church official in the Orthodox Christian Church |
| Schism | permanent split (i.e. between the Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church) |
| Kiev | a city in present-day Ukraine where the first Russian state was established in the 800's |
| Caliph | Successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims |
| Sunnis | Muslims who believed that the caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders |
| Shiites | Another Muslim group believed that only the descendants of the prophet Muhammad should be his successors. |
| Umayyad dynasty | Muslim dynasty from 661-750 that spread Islam to the Atlantic in the West and to the Indus Valley in the East |
| Abbassid dynasty | During this dynasty the Muslim world experienced a golden age Let by Abu al-Abbas |
| Medieval | relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages |
| Charlemagne | Frankish king who built an empire that stretched across modern-day France, Germany and part of Italy |
| Chivalry | a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle |
| manorialism | economic system structured around a lord's manor Each manor often included 1 or more villages |
| Serfs | a person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times |
| Secular | Worldly |
| Excommunicated | Excluded from the Catholic Church |
| Pope Innocent III | Excommunicated King John of England |
| Monasteries | Communities where Christian men or women focused on spiritual goals |
| anti-Semitism | prejudice against Jewish people |
| Gothic | a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries (pointed arches and flying buttresses) |
| Crusades | Series of religious wars |
| Urban II | pope who called for the First Crusade (1042-1099) |
| Council of Clermont | a meeting that took place in 1095 where pope Urban II urged bishops and nobles to support a war against the Muslims to take back the Holy Land (Palestine) |
| Saladin | (1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem |
| Richard the Lion-Hearted | English king, leader of the Third Crusade, agreed to a truce with Saladin |
| Shinto | traditional Japanese religion "the way of the gods" |
| Kami | gods or nature spirits of Japanese religion, which lived in all things, such as waterfalls, sand, and great trees |
| Zen Buddhism | Chinese sect Value peace, simple living, nature and beauty |
| Shoguns | top military commanders |
| Daimyo | Vassal lords received land in exchange for a promise to support the shogun with their armies when needed |
| samurai | lesser warriors promised loyalty to the daimyo |
| Bushido | strict code of conduct that samurai lived by |
| Haiku | a major form of Japanese verse, written in 17 syllables divided into 3 lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables, and employing highly evocative allusions and comparisons, often on the subject of nature or one of the seasons. |
| Genghis Khan | A Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, known for his military leadership and great cruelty. He conquered vast portions of northern China and southwestern Asia. |
| Golden Horde | a Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century |
| Kublai Khan | Mongol ruler, he completed the conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty |
| Mughal dynasty | established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century. |
| Akbar the Great | Greatest Mughal ruler Akbar won the support of Hindus because of his tolerant policies |
| Pax Mongolia | A time of peace and prosperity when trade increased between Europe and Asia. |
| Marco Polo | Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324) |
| Ibn Battuta | Scholar from Morocco Traveled through Asia and documented his journey |
| Zheng He | Chinese admiral who set out with a fleet of ships Goal was to promote Chinese trade and to collect tribute from less powerful lands |
| Canton | City in china that became an important center for global trade |
| Mogadishu | a coastal city that dominated Africa gold trade between about 1100 and 1300; the present-day capital of Somalia. |
| Cairo | Major Egyptian port Transferred good to Italian ships then carried to Europe across the Mediterranean Sea |
| Venice | With partnership Egypt came to dominate trade with the East |
| Trade Fairs | site of regular trading activity in medieval Europe |
| Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. |
| Bubonic Plague | Black Death Highly contagious disease spread by the fleas that lived on rats |
| Epidemic | outbreak the spreads quickly and affects a large number of people |
| Guild | A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people. |
| apprentice | works for an expert to learn a trade |
| Capitalism | economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit |
| Renaissance | period of great creativity and change in Europe from the 1300's through the 1600's word means "rebirth" |
| Humanism | intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than religious ones |
| Michelangelo | Sculptor, engineer, poet, painter, architect Statue of David Ceiling at Sistine Chapel |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Mona Lisa painter, sculptor, inventor, architect |
| Shakespeare | English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616) |
| Machiavelli | Wrote The Prince advises rulers on how to gain and maintain power |
| Impact of the Printing Press | Books became more available Literacy increased Ideas spread rapidly |
| Causes of the Reformation | The Renaissance Strong Monarchs Problems in the church |
| Martin Luther | did not believe in sale of indulgences Believe Christians reached heaven only through faith in God didn't believe that priest had special powers Ideas spread to N. German and Scandinavia Followers called themselves Protestants |
| 95 Theses | 95 arguments against indulgences posted on a church in Wittenberg |
| Protestant Reformation | the period when Europeans broke away from the Catholic Church and formed new Christian churches |
| John Calvin | Believed Christians reached heaven only through faith in God Thought people were born sinners Preached predestination Ideas spread to German, France, Holland, England and Scotland |
| Ignatius Loyola | This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world |
| Effects of the Reformation | Religious and Political divisions Religious conflicts Anti-Semitism Witch Hunts |
| Common Law | uniform system of justice, developed in England, based on court decisions that became accepted legal principles |
| Magna Carta | Charter that placed limits on the king's power |
| Parliament | representative assembly of England |
| savanna | grassy plains |
| desert | dry, barren land |
| Ghana | Control trade in gold and salt across W. Africa Women work in business and government King has Muslim advisers |
| Mali | Conquered Ghana Mansa Musa - great empire Controls gold trade routes Timbuktu become a great trading city and center of learning |
| Songhai | grows into largest W. African state Controls important trade routes emperor sets up Muslim dynasty |
| Swahili | language that mixed Arabic words with Bantu, and African language |
| Olmecs | invented calendar and a system of writing made up of carved inscriptions |
| Maya | Farming and Trade; Religion very important and priests high place in social hierarchy Gian temples, raised farm fields, hieroglyphic writing, zero, 365 day calendar |
| Aztecs | Social classes Schools, medical advances, Tenchtitlan, able to produce abundance of food |
| Inca | Centralized Governments, polytheistic, road system, record keeping, medicine |
| Quipus | knotted strings used by Incan officials for keeping records |
| Terraces | flat area of land on a steep hillside |
| Zhu Yuanzhang | led a rebellion that successfully overthrew Mongol rule |
| Ming Dynasty | civil service exams tried to eliminate corruptions in the bureaucracy |
| Zheng He | a admiral who established trade links with many distant commerce centers brought exotic animals back to China |
| China influences Korea | Buddhism Confucian ideas Chinese system of writing Chinese art styles porcelain making printing |
| Constantinople | Every gal in Constantinople Lives in Istanbul, not Constantinople So if you've a date in Constantinople She'll be waiting in Istanbul Byzantine's capital |
| Suleiman | Ottoman sultan who brought the Ottoman Empire to its height; he succeeded in defeating the Habsburgs and capturing Vienna. |
| sultan | military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country |
| millet | a religious community of non-Muslims each millet was allowed to maintain its own religious traditions and educate its people as long as they obey Ottoman law |
| janissaries | members of an elite force in the Ottoman army |
| mosques | Muslim house of worship |
| Reconquista | campaign begun by Christians in the 700s to recapture Spain from the Muslims |
| cartographer | mapmaker |
| astrolabe | instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars |
| Vasco da Gama | explorer; route around Africa and traveled across the Indian ocean to an Indian port |
| Christopher Columbus | 1492 sailed the ocean blue "discovered" America |
| imperialism | domination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another country or region |
| Ferdinand Magellan | completed the first circumnavigation of the world claimed the Philippines for Spain |
| sepoy | Indian troops |
| conquistador | Spanish conquerors |
| plantation | large estates |
| Middle passage | voyage from Africa to the Americas on slave ships |
| encomienda | system created by Spanish government in the Americas allowing colonists to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans |
| Columbian exchange | global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology leading to profound changes for people in Asia, the Americas, Africa, and Europe |
| mercantilism | economic policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its national wealth |
| The Printing Press | Gutenberg make books much faster |
| Reason for Spanish success | *used armor, horses, and powerful weapons *found allies among Native American groups who hated being ruled by the Aztecs or Incas *disease brought by Europeans killed millions of native people |
| Peninsulares | People born in Spain |
| Creoles | People of European descent born in the colonies |
| Mestizos | People of mixed native American and European descent |
| Mulattoes | People of mixed African and European descent |
| absolutism | political system in which autocratic rulers have complete authority over the government and the lives of people in their nations |
| Akbar the Great | ruler of the Mughal empire in India strengthened the central govt, made the empire larger, modernized the army, encouraged trade |
| Philip II | ruled Spain from 1556-1598 expaned his own power as well as the influence of the Catholic Church and the Spanish empire |
| divine right | belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God |
| Louis XIV | The Sun King of France expanded the bureaucracy, palace of Versailles organized highly disciplined army |
| Jacques Bossuet | Catholic priest who was a strong advocator for Divine right of kings |
| Ivan the Terrible | (1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. |
| Peter the Great | ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia |
| Puritans | group of England in the 1600s who sought to purify the church of England by elimination Catholic practices |
| The Leviathan | written by Thomas Hobbes wrote that people were by nature selfish and greedy and would fall into chaos unless ruled by a strong govt that could suppress rebellion |
| Oliver Cromwell | English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator. |
| Glorious Revolution | in Britain; nonviolent overthrow of the govt of James II that resulted in the reign of William and Mary |
| English Bill of Rights | set of acts passed by parliament to ensure its superiority over the monarchy and guarantee certain rights to citizens |
| limited Monarchy | govt in which a legislative body limits the monarch's power |
| Scientific Revolution | period in the 1500s and 1600s in which scientific thinkers challenged traditional ideas and relied on observation and experimentation |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | challenged the belief that the Earth was the center of the universe; he said plants revolved around the sun |
| heliocentric | sun-centered |
| Galileo Galilei | constructed telescope and provided more evidences that the sun was the center |
| Issac Newton | discovered gravity theorized that nature follows uniform laws |
| scientific method | method of discovering truth based on experimentation and observation rather than on past authorities |
| Rene Descartes | This French mathematical genius said that one should apply logic and try to answer problems with mathematical equations |
| natural laws | laws that govern human behavior |
| Enlightenment | period in the 1700s in which people rejected traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason |
| John Locke | English thinker that believe that all people possess natural rights Life, liberty and property |
| Baron de Montesquieu | Government broken into 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judicial separation of power |
| Voltaire | believe in free speech |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | "The Social Contract" people are naturally good but are corrupted by the evils of society |
| Thomas Hobbes | People are greedy and selfish. Only a powerful govt can create a peaceful, orderly society |
| enlightened despot | absolute ruler who used royal power to reform society |
| absolute monarchy | a system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power |
| agriculture | the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock |
| Alexander the Great | son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world |
| The Analects | A book of Confucius' teachings compiled by his students |
| ancestor worship | a religious practice based on the belief that deceased family members have a continued existence, take an interest in the affairs of the world, and possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living |
| arch | a curved shape in the vertical plane that spans an opening |
| Archimedes | Greek mathematician and physicist noted for his work in hydrostatics and mechanics and geometry (287-212 BC) |
| archipelago | a group of many islands in a large body of water |
| Aryans | nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system |
| artisan | a skilled worker who practices some trade or handicraft |
| assassination | murder of a public figure by surprise attack |
| astronomer | a physicist who studies astronomy |
| Augustus Caesar | The first emperor of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace |
| balance of power | a policy that comes about after the fall of Napoleon distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong |
| Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) |
| barter | exchange goods without involving money |
| Bhagavad Gita | Hindu sacred text epic poem that states the ethical ideas of Hinduism |
| Simon Bolivar | Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule |
| Napoleon | French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821) |
| Bourgeoisie | educated, middle class of France; provided force behind the Revolution |
| Buddhism | the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth |
| Byzantine Empire | eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. |
| Julius Caesar | Roman general and dictator. He was murdered by a group of senators and his former friend Brutus who hoped to restore the normal running of the republic. |
| John Calvin | religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society |
| Caste system | a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity |
| caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy |
| Catherine the Great | ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations |
| checks and balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power |
| culture | the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization |
| Jesus Christ | A teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity. Christians believe Jesus to be Son of God. |
| Christianity | a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior |
| circumnavigate | sail around the world |
| city-state | a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit |
| civil service exam | In China, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the bureaucracy. |
| civil war | a war between people of the same country |
| civilization | a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations) |
| climate | the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time |
| colonization | physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land |
| commerce | trading goods and services for money |
| Confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. |
| Confucius | Chinese philosopher, administrator, and moralist. His social and moral teachings, collected in the Analects , tried to replace former religious observances |
| Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) |
| constitution | law determining the fundamental political principles of a government |
| constitutional monarchy | A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution. |
| Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) |
| Cortez | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) |
| Counter-Reformation | the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected) |
| Cromwell | English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658) |
| cuneiform | an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia |
| Czar | Russian word for Caesar |
| cyrillic | an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages |
| da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, which led to Portuguese control of the spice trade |
| Dalai Lama | Originally, a title meaning 'universal priest' that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet. |
| Dante | an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321) |
| Jose de San Martin | revolutionary leader, born in Argentina, who freed chile and joined bolivar to free Peru |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. |
| democracy | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them |
| Rene Descartes | 17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completely separate; known as father of modern rationalism |
| Bartholomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500) |
| dictatorship | a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) |
| Diocletian | Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happened he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and Maximilian in the west. He did the last persecution of the Christians |
| divine | being or having the nature of a god |
| divorce | the legal dissolution of a marriage |
| Eightfold Path | In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering |
| Elizabeth I | This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England |
| emperor | The ruler of an empire |
| empire | a group of countries under a single authority |
| Estates | another term for "classes" of people [the clergy (first estate), nobles (second estate), townspeople & peasants (third estate)] |
| Estates General | The French national assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy the financial crisis and correct abuses of the ancien regime. |
| ethnocentrism | belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group |
| Ferdinand & Isabella | king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition |
| fief | land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service |
| filial piety | in Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors |
| Five Pillars of Islam | Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage |
| Five Relationships (Confucius) | ruler/subject; father/son; husband/wife; older brother/younger brother; friend/friend |
| Four Noble Truths | 1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is non-virtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome non-virtue. 4) The way to overcome non-virtue is to follow the Eightfold Path |
| fraternity | brotherhood |
| French Revolution | the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. |
| Ganges River | Located in India, this river is considered sacred to Hindus and is used for spiritual cleansing, funeral rites, and other Hindu rituals. |
| Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha |
| Golden Age | any period (sometimes imaginary) of great peace and prosperity and happiness |
| Greco-Roman | The cultural mixing of both ancient Greek and Roman traditions. |
| Gupta Dynasty | Family who ruled India during it's golden age, advances in arts/ science. |
| Gutenberg | German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) |
| hajj | a pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims |
| Hammurabi's Code | A legal code developed by King Hammurabi of Mesopotamia. The code was influential in the establishment of Hebrew and Islamic law and in the U.S. judiciary system. It specified crimes and punishments to help judges impose penalties. |
| Hebrew | the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel |
| hegira | the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 which marked the beginning of the Muslim era |
| Henry VIII | English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval) |
| hieroglyphics | an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds |
| Hinduism | a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a |
| Hippocrates | father of modern medicine |
| Thomas Hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) |
| ideology | system of ideas characteristic of a group or culture |
| immigration | migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) |
| indulgence | the remission by the pope of the temporal punishment in purgatory that is still due for sins even after absolution |
| Islam | the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran |
| irrigation | a way of supplying water to an area of land |
| jihad | a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal |
| Judaism | A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. |
| Lao Tze | Chinese philosopher credited with originating Taoism/Daoism. His teachings were collected and published as the Tao-te Ching. |
| Latin America | the parts of North and South America south of the United States where Romance languages are spoken |
| Liberty | personal freedom from servitude or confinement or oppression |
| John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. |
| Louis XVI | - King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. |
| Mansa Musa | this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west Africa |
| massacre | kill a large number of people indiscriminately |
| mecca | the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace |
| merchant | a businessperson engaged in retail trade |
| Middle Ages | the period between the fall of the Roman Empire in the west (470) and the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 1400s. This period is also known as "Medieval." |
| Minority | a group of people who differ racially or politically from a larger group of which it is a part |
| Mohammed | the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632) |
| Moses | (Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus |
| mosque | (Islam) a Muslim place of worship |
| muezzih | mosque official |
| nationalism | love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it |
| natural resources | materials found in nature that are used by living things |
| Nirvana | Smells like Teen Spirit (Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation |
| nomad | a member of a people who have no permanent home but move about according to the seasons |
| Old Kingdom | 2700 BC - 2200 BC. Upper and Lower Egypt kept separate kingdoms, but later built unified government. Developed basic features of its civilization. Built the pyramids: an eternal resting place for their god-kings. |
| New Kingdom | The period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory. |
| oligarchy | form of government in which a few people have the power |
| Orthodoxy | state of following established teachings especially in religion |
| Ottoman Empire | Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I. |
| Paleolithic Age | second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC |
| Pantheon | a temple to all the gods in Greece |
| papyrus | paper made from the papyrus plant by cutting it in strips and pressing it flat |
| parliament | the lawmaking body of British government |
| Parthenon | temple in Athens built to honor the goddess Athena |
| Pericles | Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece |
| philosopher | thinker who seeks wisdom and ponders questions about life |
| philosophy | any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation |
| Phoenicians | Important trading people who lived on the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, started the Greek alphabet |
| pictographs | pictures that stand for words or ideas; picture writing |
| pilgrimage | A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) |
| polytheism | belief in multiple Gods |
| Pope | the head of the Roman Catholic Church |
| Pope Urban II | pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims |
| predestination | the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power |
| priest | a clergyman in Christian churches who has the authority to perform or administer various religious rites |
| The Prince | a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means." written by Machiavelli |
| Ptolemy | ancient scientist who said earth was the center of the universe |
| pyramid | Huge, triangular shaped burial tombs of Egyptian pharaohs built during the Old Kingdom |
| Pythagoras | everything is made up of numbers, health and harmony , form= limit Pythagorean Theorem |
| Rabbi | spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation |
| Ramadan | ninth month of the Muslim calendar marked by fasting |
| raw materials | Something used by an industry to be processed into a more finished state. |
| recant | formally reject or disavow a formerly held belief, usually under pressure |
| religion | institution to express belief in a divine power |
| resources | materials found in the Earth that people need and value |
| revolution | the overthrow of a government by those who are governed |
| Roman Catholic | the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy |
| Roman Empire | Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau | A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy |
| sacraments | important religious ceremonies |
| sacred | made or declared or believed to be holy |
| Sahara Desert | the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa |
| Sanskrit | (Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism) |
| scholar | a person having much knowledge; a learner |
| Separation of powers | the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government |
| Shiva | an important Hindu deity who in the trinity of gods was the Destroyer |
| Sistine Chapel | A chapel adjoining Saint Peter's Basilica, noted for the frescoes of biblical subjects painted by Michelangelo on its walls and ceilings. The Creation is one of the notable subjects of the ceiling paintings, and the judgment day is depicted on the rear wall of the chapel. |
| social class | a group of people with similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living |
| social contract | an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society |
| Society of Jesus | a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen |
| Songhai | a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591 |
| subcontinent | a large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent |
| Talmud | A collection of authoritative Jewish writings that comment and interpret biblical laws. |
| Taoism | popular Chinese philosophical system based in teachings of Lao-tzu but characterized by a pantheism of many gods and the practices of alchemy and divination and magic |
| technology | the practical application of science to commerce or industry |
| Ten Commandments | A set of laws for responsible behavior, which, according to the Bible, were given to Moses by God. |
| totalitarianism | a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) |
| trade | the skilled practice of a practical occupation |
| traditional economy | economic system that relies on habit, custom, or ritual to decide questions of production and consumption of goods and services |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. |
| Triangle Trade | the trading system between the Americas, England and Africa; Africa would give slaves and rum to the Americas, including the West Indies; America would offer timber, tobacco, fish, and flour; England would mainly process and ship back |
| vassal | in the middle ages, a noble who usually was given a fief by his lord in exchange for loyalty |
| Vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. |
| vishnu | A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world |
| William & Mary | King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders. |
| Glorious Revolution | In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights. |
| Yin & Yang | two forces in the universe, according to Chinese Theory: Yin is the passive, negative force, and Yang the active, positive force |
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