| Term | Definition |
|---|
| What is pathohysiology? | The study of disturbances of normal origin, nature, and functions of Human Beings and the chemical and physical properties involved. |
| What does physiology mean? | Health |
| What does pathpysiology mean? | Disease |
| What does physiologic mean? | Normal body function and normal chemical and physical processes involved |
| What is General Systems Theory? | A Theorectical frameward that is the baiss of our aproach to Nursing and Health Care |
| What does the General Systems Theory explain? | The breaking of whole things into parts and the working together of those parts into a system |
| What is a system defined as? | Any set of interacting parts |
| What are systems? Example? | Organisms. Example: Humans |
| What are subsystems? Example? | Complex systems (Human Body) Example: Digestive system, cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, ect. |
| What does the human body act as? | A whole |
| What doe destruction of a subsystem cayse? | Human Body System disturbance rather than only the loss of a single function of the subsystem. |
| What can systems be? | Open or closed |
| What is an open system? | One that exhanges with the environment |
| What is a closed system? | One that has no exchanges with the environment |
| What is the human body system? | An open system |
| What is open system activity? | Aggregation of feedback loops |
| What is input? | Matter, energy, information entering the system. (Anything that comes in) |
| What is throughput? | Transformation of input entering the system. (Changing whatever came in) |
| What is output? | Matter, energy, information that is released from the system as a result of this process. (Releases but different than it came in) |
| What does feedback influence? | What happens next |
| What is an example of input? | Ingestion of food of drink |
| What is an example of throughput? | Digestion and absorption |
| What is an example of feedback? | Whether we felt energized, bloated, and decide to eat or not eat again |
| What are organisms regulated by? | Via feedback |
| How does feebback function? | To direct the whole system (human body) towards a goal and accomplished homeostasis. |
| What is negative feedback? | Physiologic. Less of one thing results in more of another, more of one things results in less of another. |
| What does loss of negative feedback result in? | Pathiology and Disease |
| What is positive feedback? | Often pathologic (viscous cycles) More of one things results in more of another and another. |
| Which is common? | Negative Feedback |
| Which is uncommon? | Positive Feedback |
| What is the following an example of: You eat food, increases blood suger, pancreas makes insulin, and blood sugar goes into cell | Negative Feedback |
| What is the following an example of: The baby continues to suck on breast which influences milk to come out. | Positive Feedback |
| What is an example of a viscous cycle? | Congestive Heart Failure |
| What can decreased cardiac output result in? | Baroreceptor stimulation or RAA stimulation |
| What happens in response to baroreceptor stimulation? | Stress response, vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), makes if more harder for heart to pump, further reduces cardiac output |
| What does RAA stand for? | Renin Androgen Aldosterone |
| What happens in response to RAA? | Vasocontriction, fluid retention, makes it harder for heart to pump, further reduces cardiac output |
| What happens to these cycles? | They peretuate and worsen until death |
| What is the primary goal of a system? | To maintain an intact ststem by accomplishing equilibrium, balance, homeostasis, steady state, and "health" |
| What happens to a person's subsystems when they have an illness? | One or more of their subsystems are out of balance whith resultant Human Body System disequilibrium, pathophysiology, and disease. |
| How do cells become specialized? Why do they do this? | Through the process of differentation/maturation so that some cells perform one kind of function, and other cells perform other functions. |
| What are the (7) cheif cellular functions? | Movement, Conductivity, Absoprtion, Secretion, Excretion, Respiration, and Communication |
| What functions do ALL cells do? | Absorb, Respirate, Excrete (Think ARE.. all cells ARE able to) |
| What functions can only some cells do? | Move, Conduct, Secrete, Communicate (Think MCSC.. as in Most Can't Some Can) |
| What is metabolism? | Chemical tasks of maintaing essential cellular function |
| What is anabolism? | Uses energy to build smaller molecules into larger molecules. |
| What is catabolism? | Reslease energy as it breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules. |
| What are steroids an example of? | Anabolism |
| What are anoerexics a result of? | Catabolism |
| Are they both balanced in health? | Yes |
| What is ATP created from? | Chemical energy contained within organic molecules. |
| What is ATP used in? | Synthesis of organic molecules. muscle contraction, and active transport. |
| What is ATP criticall involed in? | Metabolism |
| What is ATP necessary for? | Cellular function |
| What is the function of ATP? | Store energy in phosphate bonds and allow energy transfer from one molecule to another. |
| Where does ATP come from? | The catabloism of food and cellular energy production |
| What are the (3) phases of metabolism? | Digestion, Glycolosis, Citric Acid Cycle (DGC: DG CAn't Comare) |
| What happens during Phase 1 (Digestion)? | Larger molecules are broken down into smaller subunits through the actions of enzymes, |
| Where does diestion occur? | Outside of cells |
| What are proteins broken down into? | Amino Acids |
| What are fats broken down into? | Fatty Acids |
| What are Carbs/Polysaccharides broken down into? | Simple Sugars |
| In what phase is the most ATP produced? | Phase 3 (Citric Acid Cycle) |
| In what phase is the least amount of ATP produced? | Phase 2 (Glycolosis) |
| What happens in Phase 2 (Glycolisis)? | Gluclose splitting |
| What is Phase 3 (Citric Acid Cycle) also called? | Krebs cycle or TCA cycle |
| How is ATP made during Glycolisis? | Substrate phosphorylation |
| How is ATP make during the Citric Acid Cycle? | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Where does glycolosis occur? | Cytoplasm |
| Where does Citric Acid Cycle occur? | In mitochondria |
| What happens during Phase 2 (Glycolosis)? | Small molecules enter cells and are further broken down in the cytoplasm. |
| What happens to sugars during Glycolosis? | Converted to pyruvate |
| What happens to pyruvate during Glycolosis? | Moves into mitochondria and is converted into acetyl groups |
| Is Glycolosis anaerobic or aerobic? | Anaerobic |
| What happens to Acetyl CoA during the citric acid cycle? | Completely degraded into Co2 and H20 |
| What does the Citric Acid Cycle begin with? | Krebs cycle |
| What does the Citric Acid End with? | Oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria |
| Is the Citric Acid Cycle aneorobic or aerobic? | Aerobic |
| What happens to metabolism if inadequate oxygen is available? | It gets stale mated in phase 2- Glycolosis |
| What else will happen to ATP and pyruvate if there is not enough oxygen? | ATP will not be formed and pyruvate with be converted into lactic acid which is released into extracellular fluid. |
| What is lactic acid/lactate? | A lab test that indicates the increased occurance of anaerobic metabolism. |
| What are the normal values of Lactic Acid/Lactate? | 0.5-2.2 mEq/L |
| What is hypoxemia and what does it lead to? | Dereased O2 in the blood which leads to Hypoxia. |
| What is hypoxia and what does it lead to? | Decreased O2 in the tissues which leads to Ischemia. |
| What is ischemia and what does it lead to? | Decreased blood flow to the tissues. |
| What is shock? | A clinical syndrome where the cardiovascular system fails to perfuse the tissues adequately, resulting in widespread impairment of cellular metabolism. |
| What does -emia always mean? | Blood |
| What do we use Lactic Acid/Lactate lab tests to determine? | If it is anerobic metabolism |
| What does it mean it there is high amounts of lactic acid? | It means it is anaerobic metabolism |
| What happens to metabolism is adequate oxygen is available? | Metabolism progresses from phase 2 into phase 3 metabolism |
| Which phase is physiologic and needs oxygen to get to? | Phase 3 |
| What causes shock? | Defective heart function, changes in blood volume or blood vessels. |
| What can shock be classified by? | Cause, pathophysiologic process, or clinical manifestations |
| What are people who have spinal cord injury at risk for? | Neurological shock |
| What is hypovelemic shock? | Caused by insuffcient intravascular fluid volume. |
| What does cardiogenic shock mean? | Caused by heart failure |
| What does neuogenic shock caused by? | Alterations in smooth muscle tone and widespread vasodilation from an imbalance between parasympathetic and sympathetic simulation. |
| What is anaphylactic shock caused by? | Hypersensitivity (allergic reaction) that can lead to vasodilation, peripheral pooling, and relative hypovelemia |
| What does septic shock mean? | Caused by infection |
| Hypovelemic shock is caused by loss of what? | Whole blood, blood plasma, intestitial fluid, or fluid sequestration |
| Herat failure is caused by what? | Myocardial ischemia, MI, CHF, myocardial or pericardial infectons, dysrhymias, and drug toxicity. |
| What does neurologic shock cause? | Persistent vasodilation and created relative hypovolemia |
| Which type of shock is most severe? | Anaphylactic Shock |
| What initiates the inflammatory response in septic shock? | Bacteremia, endotoxins, and exotoxins |
| What does the inflammatory response in septic shock do? | Initiatives and promotes widespread vasodilation |
| What is the final common pathway in shock? | Impaired cellular metabolism |
| What is impaired cellular metabolism? | An impairment of oxygen and gluclose use. |
| What ability is lost during impairment of cellular metabolism? | Ability to maintain an electochemical gradient |
| What is disrupted during cellular metabolism? | Sodium pump |
| What accumlates in the cell? | Sodium and Chloride |
| What follows the Na and Cl? What does it reduce? | Water, it reduces the extracellular volume |
| What exits the cell? | Potassium |
| What happens when the activated posivite feedback loops? | Coagulation pathway activates, decreases circulatory volume, and lysosomal enzymes release |
| What do cells shift to when there is an impairment of gluclose use? | Glycogenolysis, glucaneogenesis, and liplysis |
| What do patients who hve shock (or may) complain of? | Weak, feeling sick, cold, hot, naueseated, dizzy, confused, afraid, thirsty, short of breath |
| What are some clinical manifestations of shock? | Decreased BP, cardiac output, and urinary output. The repiratory rate is usually increased. |
| What does the decreased pressure and cardiac ouput tigger? | A stress response |
| What is the shock treatment goal? | Correct or remove the underlying cause, provide supportive therapy, oxygenate, and support blood pressure! |
| What does anyone who has shock need? | Oxygen |
| How do you support blood pressure? | By fluid manipulation |
| Support BP by fluid manipulation is an effective type of treatment for most types of shock except ____________. Why? | Cardiogenic becayse more volume will make heart work harder. |
| What are effective treatments for shock? | Deliver oxygen, administration fluids, and monitor blood pressure. |
| What are effective treatments for cardiogenic shock? | Restrict fluids, administer diuretics and vasoactive meds |
| When do you support with vasoactive medications? | If volume administration doesn't correct hypotension |
| What do cells strive for? | Homeostasis, balance, stready-state equillibrium to escape from injury. |
| What is adaptation? | The response of cells to the environment to escape/protect themselves from injury. |
| What does atrophy mean? | Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size (tissue/organ). Same # of cells just smaller |
| What does Hypertrophy mean? | Increase in cellular size (tissue/organ) |
| What does hyperplasia mean? | Increase in cellular number from increased cell divisions |
| What does hypoplasia mean? | decrease in cellular number from decreased cell divisions |
| What does aplasia mean? | Lack of tissue or organ development |
| What does metaplasia mean? | Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, something less mature/differentiated cell type |
| What does dysplasia mean? | Abnormal size, shape, and organization of mature cells |
| What happens to your brain as you age? | Shrinks |
| Are metaplasia or dysplasia cells more likely to convert back to normal after smoking? | Metaplasia |
| What is neoplasia? | Abnormal growth and development of new tissue- tumors |
| What does benign mean? | good- noncancerous, usually self limiting, with slow, localized growth. Not an immediate threat |
| What is Malignant mean? | Bad- Tending to worsen, invade and reslult in death. (CANCER) |
| If adaption is not enough what does it lead to? | Injury |
| What is the most common cause of cellular injury? | Hypoxia! |
| What are the causes of hypoxia? | Decreased 02 in air, decreased RBC's, loss of hemoglobin, cardivascular or repiratory dieases, and poisoning of oxidative enzymes within cells. (CN) |
| What is the most common cause of hypoxia? | Ischemia! |
| What i the most common degenerative change? | Cellular Swelling |
| What is ceulluar swelling caused by? | A shift of extracellular fluid into cells. |
| Is cellular swelling reversible? | Yes |
| What are cellular accumulations? | Pigments, lipids, carbs, glycogen, proteins, calcium, urate |
| What are some examples of cellular accumulations? | Melanin, hemoproteins, bilrubin |
| What is deposited into injured cells? | Calcium |
| What is leaukocytosis? | Increase in leaukoctyes (WBC's) |
| What develop after a myocardial infection? | Cardiac enzymes |
| What develop after hepatits develops? | Liver enzymes |
| What develops after pancreatitis develops? | Pancreatic enzymes |
| What does necrosis mean? | Death |
| What is pyknosis? | Clumping of the nucleus |
| What is karyolysis? | Nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis |
| What does does coagulative necrosis effect? | Kidneys. heart, and adrenal gland |
| What is necrosis? | Unexpected/abnormal death |
| What is apoptosis? | Normal expected death |
| Necrosis is _________ and apoptosis is __________. | Pathologic/Physiologic |
Combine with other sets
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