Critical Thinking Exam 2
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Created by:
jpanderson on March 22, 2012
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20 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Categorical Syllogism | A syllogism in which the premises and conclusion describe the relationship between two categories by using statements that begin with all, no, or some. |
| Disjunctive Syllogism | A or B Not A Therefore, B |
| Dilemma | a choice between two unpleasant or difficult options |
| Reducto ad absurdum | Definition: "leads to an absurd concept". |
| Deductive Reasoning | reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.) |
| Inductive Reasoning | deriving general principles from particular facts or instances ("Every cat I have ever seen has four legs; cats are four-legged animals"). |
| Inductive generalization | argument that takes a sample and implies that about the whole. |
| analogy | a comparison of two different things that are similar in some way |
| reasoning from cause | Inferring that a known fact or event (effect) was the result of a particular event (cause) that occurred earlier |
| reasoning from sign | uses an observable mark or sign as proof for the existence of problem |
| Fallacies | errors in reasoning |
| Hasty Generalization | an error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence |
| post hoc ergo propter hoc | Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident |
| False Analogy | the two objects or events being compared are relevantly dissimilar |
| Begging the question | assuming something to be true that really needs proof |
| Red Herring | any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue |
| Ad Hominem | in an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. |
| False Dichotomy | argues there are only two options when really there may be many |
| Badwagon | A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. |
| Slippery Slope | A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented |
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