General Biology I Exam 2 Dillman
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82 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Chlorophyll | Green pigment captures sunlight |
| Carotenoids | accessory pigment yellow and orange color |
| Stroma | Fluid part of the Chloroplast |
| Thylakoids | Membrane packages in stacks inside the Chloroplast |
| Phagocytosis | Movement of large molecules, cell pieces or entire cells inside a cell, by enclosing them in a membrane is called: |
| Pinocytosis | Taking in vacuoles filled with liquid, by wrapping them in a membrane. |
| Osmosis | Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane |
| receptor proteins | Are found in the membrane, bind with molecules and trigger a response inside the cell |
| Hypotonic | Higher concentration of solvent outside causes water to enter the cell. |
| Facilitated diffusion | Movement with the concentration gradient and using a carrier protein |
| Active transport | Movement against the concentration gradient using a carrier and expending energy |
| Isotonic | Equal concentrations of water inside and outside the cell, water moves evenly back and forth. |
| Solute | What is dissolved in a solution, ex. baking soda, salt |
| Solvent | What does the dissolving in a solution ex. Water |
| Hypertonic | Higher concentration of solutes outside causes water to leave the cell |
| diffusion | Movement from high concentration to low concentration, ex, oxygen in lungs |
| Enzyme speed | Substrate concentration, pH, Temperature, Enzyme concentration all affect? |
| Enzymes | Proteins that lower activation energy, substrate specific |
| substrate | What attaches to an enzyme at the active site, it is a reactant |
| heat | The form energy is given off during conversion from one form to another |
| ATP | Adenine, Ribose and 3 Phosphates |
| Potential or chemical energy | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins are example of what kind of energy? |
| entropy | amount of disorder |
| ADP | What is formed when a phosphate is removed off ATP? |
| cofactors | Activate enzymes, are inorganic ions such as copper, zinc and iron |
| ATP | What is needed to convert the 10 remaining G3P back into RuBP |
| 12 | How many total G3P are formed at the end of the Calvin Cycle? |
| RUBP | 5 Carbon Molecule that CO2 binds to in the Dark Cycle |
| NADP | Carries the Hydrogens in the light reaction |
| Kinetic energy | duck swimming, bird flying and rock rolling down hill are examples of what kind of energy? |
| heterotrophs | Must eat/ingest preformed food |
| grana | Stack of Thylakoid disks |
| back into Photosystem I | Where does the electron go if no Carbon Dioxide is available in the light reaction |
| photosystem | Made up of a pigment complex of the chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, get excited by sunlight, found on the thylakoid membranes |
| G3P | What is formed when ATP uses its energy to remove a H from NADPH and add it to 3PG |
| 3PG | Which molecule is formed when the unstable 6 carbon molecule splits in the Calvin/dark cycle |
| autotrophs | means produces its own food, by using sunlight or inorganic molecules as energy sources |
| Light Reaction | Water, splits, ATP made, Oxygen released, and NADPH made |
| Photosystem I | Gets excited by sunlight at wavelength of 700, splits water, |
| Photosystem II | Gets excited by sunlight at wavelength of 680, splits water, |
| Electron Transport Chain | Series of carriers that pass electrons, energy is lost and used to make ATP |
| Stomata | Openings in the leaf that Carbon Dioxide enter and Oxygen leave through |
| Endergonic | To run the reaction energy is put in, products have more energy |
| energy of activation | amount of energy that is required to start a reaction, get one molecule to react with another |
| coenzymes | NADP, NADPH, FAD, carry electrons and atoms to help enzymes |
| Phosphorylation | Adding a phosphate to a molecule, stores energy. Requires an energy input |
| Electron Transport Chain | Series of carriers on the inner membrane of the mitochondria that transport electrons |
| Glycolysis | Only stage that occurs during fermentation like in yeast |
| Citrate | 6 carbon molecule produced in the 3rd stage of Cellular Respiration |
| Vitamins | small organic molecules, required in trace amounts in our diet help synthesize coenzymes |
| Exergonic | During the reaction energy released, reactants have more energy than products |
| Catabolism | Breakdown of molecules like Glucose during Cellular Respiration, tend to be exergonic |
| Products of Aerobic Cellular Respiration | 6CO2, 6H2O, 36 ATP |
| Reactants of Aerobic Cellular Respiration | C6H12O6, 6O2 |
| Reduction | Gaining electrons like Oxygen to make water, during cellular respiration |
| Oxidation | Losing electrons, example is glucose becoming CO2 during cellular respiration |
| Chemiosmosis | ATP Production is tied to the establishment of the H+ gradient |
| Anabolism | Synthesis reactions where molecules are made, tend to be endergonic |
| Yield in Fermentation or Anaerobic Respiration | 2 ATP's and alcohol or lactic acid |
| Anaerobic | Respiration without Oxygen |
| Aerobic | Respiration with Oxygen |
| Total Yield in Cell Respiration | 36 ATP's |
| Electron Transport Chain | Inputs: NADH, FADH2, O2 |
| Citric acid Cycle | Outputs: CO2, NADH, FADH2, 2 ATP |
| Cytoplasm | Where Glycolysis occurs |
| Citric Acid Cycle | Inputs: Acetyl CoA, NAD, FAD, ADP |
| Preparatory Reaction | Outputs: NADH, Acetyle CoA, 2 Carbon Dioxide |
| Electron Transport Chain | Outputs: ATP, H2O |
| Cristae | Folds where the electron transport occurs |
| Matrix | Space inside the mitochondria where citric acid cycle occurs |
| FAD and NAD | Coenzymes that carry Hydrogen Ions for Cell respiration |
| Glycolysis | Outputs: 2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2ATP total |
| Preparatory Reaction | Inputs: Pyruvate, 2 CoA and NAD |
| Glycolysis | Inputs: Glucose, 2NAD and 2 ATP |
| Extracellular Matrix | Nonliving meshwork of polysaccharides and proteins found outside the cell, help form communication and highways between cells |
| Endocytosis | Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis |
| Concentration gradient | The difference between levels of solutes and solvents inside and outside the cell |
| tight junction | Junction when the cells zip up, intestines, kidney and the brain |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | when the molecule binds to the receptor and then the materials are brought inside in a membrane |
| Plasmodesmata | extensions of the plasma membrane through the cell wall from one plant cell to another |
| adhesion junctions | uses cytoplasmic plaques to help hold cells together, in heart, stomach and bladder |
| Exocytosis | Pushing waste from the inside of the cell to the outside, using a vacuole |
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