1.
Albert Bandora: states that many behaviors are acquired through observational learning
2.
Avoidance learning: avoiding situations similar to something that created stress and anxiety
3.
B. F. Skinner: believed that causes of behavior are in the environment, not in mental events like thoughts or feelings, that free will isn't real. Experimented with pigeons
4.
Behavior modification: the application of conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduces or eliminate problematic behavior
5.
Classical conditioning: the process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response
6.
Conditioned response: any learned response
7.
Conditioned stimulus: any unlearned/recognized stimulus
8.
Discrimination: the learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs ONLY to the original conditioned stimulus but not the other stimulus
9.
Disinhibitory effect: when models influence us to exhibit behaviors that have been taught to suppress
10.
Edward Thorndike: developed the law of effect and thought that trial and error is the basis of most behavioral responses. Tested with cats and puzzle boxes
11.
Elicitation effect: a type of observational learning common in unusual situations. If you don't know what to do you wait in order to copy
12.
Extinction: when the effects of a stimulus go away so in result, the response goes away
13.
Generalization: the acceptance of stimuli that are similar to another stimulus resulting in the conditioned response
14.
Higher-order conditioning: in classical conditioning, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus
15.
Inhibitory effect: suppressing behavior after observing a model receive punishment
16.
Insight: sudden realization of the solution to a problem
17.
Ivan Pavlov: contributed to psychology accidentally with experiments on dogs; explored learning
18.
John Watson: conducted Little Albert experiment in which he generalized Albert's fear of rats to all furry objects
19.
Latent learning: learning without apparent reinforcement and not demonstrated until motivated to do so
20.
Law of effect: the consequence of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened. Responses closely followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
21.
Learned helplessness: passive resignation to aversive conditions, "giving up" due to difficulties
22.
Learning: a relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior potential) due to experience
23.
Mary Cover Jones: a follower of Watson who discovered how to remove fear from children
24.
Model: a person or person's behavior that is imitated
25.
Modeling effect: any behavior acquired from a model
26.
Negative reinforcement: a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur
27.
Observational learning: when people observe the behavior of others and note the consequences of that behavior
28.
Operant conditioning: the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences
29.
Phobia: an exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object
30.
Positive reinforcement: a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur
31.
Primary reinforcer: a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing , typically satisfying a physiological need; an example is food
32.
Punishment: attempts to stop behavior by either adding an unpleasant stimulus or removing a pleasant stimulus, opposite of reinforcement
33.
Reflex: an involuntary response to a particular stimulus. Two kinds: Conditioned- learned, Unconditioned- unlearned
34.
Reinforcement: the process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows
35.
Secondary reinforcer: a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers
36.
Shaping: an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced
37.
Spontaneous recovery: the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction
38.
Stimulus: an event or object in the environment to which an organism responds
39.
Successive approximations: in the procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response
40.
Unconditioned response: an unlearned, automatic response to an unlearned stimulus
41.
Unconditioned stimulus: any stimulus that without prior learning will automatically bring about an unconditioned response
