Blood and Lymph Disorders
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Created by:
Sam_Nelson_58 on March 22, 2012
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46 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What composes hematocrit? | RBCs platelets monocytes lymphocytes |
| what is the pH of blood? | 7.35-7.45 |
| how much blood is in the human body and in what percentages is it composed? | 5 -6 liters 45% RBC 1% WBC/platelets 54% plasma |
| RBCs | 4.8 to 5.4 million/cu mm 120 life span biconcave disc (looks like a smartie) contains hemoglobin |
| what is hemoglobin, how is it composed, and what does it do? | protein carries oxygen and carbon dioxide composed of 2 alpha globin + 2 beta globin binded to 4 iron heme group chains |
| thalassemia | anemia resultant from a variation in alpha/beta genes in the nucleus of the bone marrow stem cells decreased alpha/beta synthesis genetic generally asymptomatic severe cases = growth retardation/splenomegaly/jaundice/death before 30 treat severe cases with transfusion |
| erythropoeisis | RBC production stimulated by erythropoietin released from the kidneys occurs in the bone marrow of the axial skeleton |
| reticulocyte | newly formed RBC recently ejected from from the marrow should be 1-2% of RBC count |
| unconjugated bilirubin | catabolized hemoglobin |
| conjugated bilirubin | formed in liver from unconjugated bilirubin excreted in bile excess causes jaundice |
| define hematocrit | the volume of packed RBCs per 100mL of blood |
| anemia | reduction of # of functioning RBCs circulating/cu mm |
| anemia causes | bone marrow dysfunction (primary/toxic) nutritional deficiency (iron/folic acid/others) infection chronic renal failure increased RBC destruction blood loss |
| anemia signs/symptoms | fatigue/headache/exertional dyspnea pallor/cheilosis/jaundice/beefing red tongue/koilonychia |
| polycythemia | excess of red blood cells |
| pica | craving to eat things that are not typically considered food |
| what are the percentages of hematocrit in the blood? | males 39-49% females 35-45% |
| how much hemoglobin is in the blood? | males 14-17g/mL females 12-16g/mL |
| mean corpuscular volume (MCV) | average of the measure of red blood cell size low MCV = microcytic anemia high MCV = macrocytic anemia |
| what is the average MCV | 80-94 fL (fL femtolitre = one quadrillionth of a liter) |
| mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH | average mass of hemoglobin per red blood cell low MCH = hypochromic high MCH = hyperchromic |
| what is the average MCH | 27-32 pg (pg picogram = 10 to negative 12 grams) |
| iron deficiency | hypochromic microcytic anemia most common worldwide pica = hallmark symptom elevated total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) eat iron rich foods -or- 325mg bid w/ food body only loses 1mg/day Fe; absorbed in illeum Fe consumption causes: constipation/nausea/black stool/diarrhea 200-250 mg/kg Fe = lethal oral dose |
| copper deficiency | may cause hypochromic microcytic anemia wilson's disease |
| normochromic normocytic anemias | caused by organ failure: kidney/pituitary/thyroid caused by protein malnutrition/impaired marrow function from injury/infiltrative marrow disease (neoplasm/fibrosis) associated with NORMAL SIZ*E |
| NORMAL SIZ*E | n - normal pregnacy o - overhydration r - chronic Renal failure m - myelophthisic (tumor/fibrosis/leukemia) a - acute blood loss l - liver disease si - systemic infection z - zero production e - endocrine disorders |
| folic acid deficiency | macrocytic anemia alcoholism/drug abuse/increased demand(pregnancy/development)/impaired utilization(oral contraceptives/chemotherapeutics) daily requirement 400mcg sore throat/abd. pain/intermittent constipation/diarrhea eat leafy green vegetables r/o b12 deficiency |
| B12 deficiency | macrocytic anemia sore throat/beefy red tongue/anorexia/nv/indigestion/abd pain/weight loss may lead to irreversible neurological damage clinical findings: stocking glove parasthesias/loss of fine touch and vibratory sensation/altered sphincter control/psychotic behavior/irritability/ataxia |
| aplastic anemia | bone marrow failure to produce RBC pancytopenia: all blood cells are decreased can be macrocytic/normocytic avoid ASA |
| hemolytic anemia | accelerated RBC destruction micro/macro/normocytic acute/chronic/episodic gallstones/back+abd. pain/chills/fever elevated reticulocyte count/plasma hemoglobin |
| sickle cell anemia | hemolytic RBCs sickle under increased altitude/trauma/physical exertion/cold temperature/dehydration/acidosis painful/swollen joints/splenomegaly/seizures/stroke avascular necrosis of femoral head give pneumococcal vaccine |
| what is the order of clotting and what nutrients are necessary for it to take place? | order: vasoconstriction -> platelet aggregation -> fibrinogen converts to fibrin -> coagulation system begins needs calcium ions + vitamin K |
| coagulation cascade | intrinsic pathway: factors VII, XI, IX, XII, Ca+ extrinsic pathway: factors III, VII, Ca+ tissue factors common pathway: factors V, X, Ca+, platelet phospholipids factor VIII is only factor not made entirely in liver |
| bleeding time | indicative of platelet function should be 3 to 9.5 mins |
| thrombocytopenia | <100,000 circulating platelets decreased production/increased destruction autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP) |
| acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (acute ITP) | abrupt petechiae and purpura on skin usually spontaneously resolves platelet count 10,000 to 20,000 may need corticosteroids/splenectomy |
| chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (chronic ITP) | platelet count 25000 to 75,000 corticosteroids/immunosuppressive therapy/splenectomy |
| DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) | generalized hemorrhage in severe systemic illness exhausted supply of platelets/clotting factor one clot here, bleeding everywhere else |
| uremia | toxic metabolic byproduct build up due to renal failure |
| hemophilia A | factor VIII deficiency (von willebrand's) woman are carriers and pass on men are hemophiliacs |
| hemophilia B | factor IX deficiency (christmas disease) |
| k-dependent factor deficicency | liver failure/malnutrition/breast milk is low in vitamin K decreased K + factors II, VII, IX, X |
| peyer's patches | gut associated lymph tissue |
| lymph organs | nodes thymus spleen return/clean fluid from interstitial space to blood stream |
| lymphadenopathy | swelling of lymph symptom of other systemic illness suspect benign when: young adult/symptomatic/rapid change in size (days to weeks)/tenderness/soft consistency suspect malignant when: elderly/asymptomatic/slow growth/firm/rubbery/systemic symptoms armpit - think cat scratch inguinal - think STD |
| splenomegaly | usually secondary disease (CHF/liver disease/vascular congestion/infection) can mean sarcoidosis/lupus (but it's never lupus and sarcoidosis is just silly) |
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