Cognition Topic 14
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19 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Availability Heuristic | -influence of vivid info in judging probabilities of events -Psychologically salient info (info that has been recently or often brought to mind) influences your judgment of probability |
| Media and Crime | estimates of % of accused felons pleading insanity and % of felony convictions that come to trial are overestimated because of the news/crime shows |
| Couples and Housework | estimate how much they do of cooking and cleaning, always totaled more than 100%, when thinking about how many times you've done it, can always remember when you did it, don't always see when they do |
| Representativeness Heuristic | people distort numbers based on their current settings |
| Linda the Bank teller | Feminism seems more representative of Linda than bank teller (embodies that stereotype) |
| Law of Small Numbers | the tendency to think that small, random samples should look representative of the population |
| Gambler's Fallacy | the belief that you are due to win after you've lost a bunch of times in a row |
| Framing Effect | decision making is affected by how the problem is framed |
| Disease Outbreak Study | -Phrase it as to how many will be saved: people tend to go for the sure thing (Gain framing=risk averse) -Phrase it as to how many will die: people willing to gamble (loss-framing=more risky) |
| Anchoring | -people make estimates by adjusting from an initial value -can manipulate estimates by changing starting points |
| Adjustment | asked to estimate answer of multiplication. Start with 1x2x3...estimate 512 (small anchor). Start with 8x7x6... estimate 2200 (large anchor) |
| Extreme Anchors | Ask outrageous thing (Is the average price of a textbook $7,128) people obviously answer no. Ask average- say something high. People given extremely high anchors will give higher than average estimates |
| Perceptual Contrast | set up something outrageous, put it next to real thing, makes real thing look small |
| Illusory Correlation | can't pick up correlations that are really there, but make up ones that aren't |
| Confirmation Bias | look for info that will confirm a hypothesis we already have |
| Sole Decision Custody Case | imagine serving on a jury in an only child sole custody case -Asked to whom you would award custody? Say Parent B because of close relationship with child -Asked to whom you would deny custody? Say Parent B because they travel a lot |
| Descriptive Decision Theory | simply describes what people do (i.e. heuristics) |
| Prescriptive Decision Theory | what would be a better way to make decisions than what we do now (recommendation) |
| Normative Decision Theory | the best possible decision making, optimizing goals over the long run |
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