| Term | Definition |
|---|
| The Renaissance was a period of ______________. | commercial, financial, political, and cultural achievement |
| How many phases did the Renaissance consist of, and when were they? | Two; 1050-1300 and 1300-1600 |
| Who led the Renaissance revival, specifically? | Northern Italian cities, esp. Venice, Genoa, and Milan. |
| What was the significance of Venice's improvement to shipbuilding? | Enhanced trade |
| Which city is associated with a huge merchant marine? | Venice |
| Which cities acted as the crossroads between northern Europe and the East? | Venice, Genoa, and Milan |
| Where did the first artistic and literary flowerings of the Renaissance appear? | Florence |
| Who dominated European banking? | Florentine mercantile families |
| What is the significance of the Florentine wool industry? | Fueled population increase and financial expansion |
| What was a major factor of Florence's population increase and financial expansion | Their wool industry |
| Which cities were communes? | Northern Italian cities |
| Communes are ___________________. | associations of free men seeking independence from the local lords. |
| Why were nobles attracted to communes? | Opportunities |
| What formed the urban nobility (class)? | Marriage of nobles who settled within cities and members of urban mercantile class. |
| Which class did the popolo consist of? | The middle class |
| What caused the formation of the popolo? | Their exclusion from power |
| What occurred as a result of the failure republican governments established by the popolo? | Rule of signori or oligarchs |
| Signori | Rule of despots, or one man rule. |
| Princely courts | 15th century centers wealth and art |
| Examples of city-states in Northern Italy | Milan, Venice, and Florence |
| Central Italy consisted mainly of _________________. | the Papal States |
| Southern Italy consisted mainly of ___________________. | the kingdom of Naples |
| After 1494, Italy = _________________ | European battleground |
| What prevented centralization of Italy? | Political and economic competition between the city-states. |
| What led to the creation of permanent ambassadors? | Shifting alliances among the city-states. |
| Who was Petrarch? | 14th century poet and humanist; first "Renaissance man" |
| Who were the first to witness the emerging of a "new golden era" | Men of letters |
| Individualism | Belief in and focus on individual will and genius |
| Humanism | Study of human beings and human nature through the revival of Roman classics |
| What was the major belief of Pico della Mirandola? | There were no limits to what humans could accomplish. |
| Which was considered superior: ancient Latin style or medieval Latin? | Ancient Latin style |
| Secularism | Materialism over religion - concern with money and pleasure |
| Lorenzo Valla | Wrote On Pleasure to defend pleasure of the senses as the highest good. |
| Boccaccio | Wrote Decameron which portrayed an acquisitive and worldly society. |
| What did the church do in response to secularism? | Gave up - did little to combat it |
| When was the quattrocento? | 1400s |
| When was the cinquecento? | 1500s |
| Who commissioned early Renaissance art? | Urban groups. |
| How did art change throughout the Renaissance? | More realistic, extremely less realistic, more color, more for elite, more secular and focused of classical topics |
| Who commissioned later 15th century art and why? | Individuals and oligarchs as means for self-glorification |
| How did the spendings of wealthy change throughout the Renaissance? | Spent less of warfare, and more of art and architecture |
| How the homes of wealthy change throughout the Renaissance? | Rooms other than the bed chambers became the focus - houses became elaborate with occasional private chapel. |
| What specific genre of art developed? | The individual portrait |
| Significance of Donatello and Michelangelo | Glorified human body through art (sculptors) |
| Significance of Brunelleschi and della Francesca | Pioneered use of perspective in painting |
| How did the status of the artist change during the Renaissance? | Improved, most work done by commission of princes. Creativity was rewarded. |
| Who did the Renaissance affect? | Very small group of elite, did not affect middle class or the urban working class |
| Focus of humanists pertaining to education | Training rulers and moral behavior |
| What did Vergerio's treatise stress? | The teaching of history, ethics, and rhetoric (public speaking) |
| What did The Courtier describe? | The model Renaissance gentleman as a man of many talents, including intellectual and artistic skills. Written by Castiglione. |
| What did Machiavelli's The Prince describe? | How to acquire, maintain, and increase political power - by any means |
| Who invented the first movable type? | Mid-1400s; Gutenberg, Fust, and Schöffer |
| What was the significance of the invention of printing? | Making propaganda possible, encouraged a wider common identity, and improved literacy |
| Why were clocks important? | For understanding and controlling urban-economic life |
| What were the roles of most women? | Most married and were responsible for domestic affairs, and frequently worked outside the home. |
| Where did women work outside the home? | In ship building, textiles, agriculture, as well as midwives and servants |
| How did the status of upper class women change during the Renaissance? | It declined |
| What were women expected to use their education for? | To run a household |
| How to sex crimes change during the Renaissance? | Still went unpunished, but fewer cases occurred |
| Homosexual practice during the Renaissance | Common, occurred particularly based on relationship between men and boys. |
| From what did the homosexual activity of the Renaissance derive? | Social-community needs of men |
| Which group was commonly enslaved in eastern Europe? | The Slavic - Germans and others enslaved and/or sold Polish and Bohemian people. |
| When did black slaved begin to be brought into Europe in large numbers? | 15th century |
| How did black slavery in Europe compare to black slavery in America? | Much less harsh |
| What role did some black African rulers play in black enslavement? | Many adopted European lifestyles and sold their black people into slavery |
| Were Africans considered biracial? | Yes |
| What positions did black slaves and freemen fill? | A variety - laborers, musicians, dancers, etc. |
| What were blacks a sign of in the Renaissance? | Wealth |
| What was Europe's attitude towards blacks? | Ambivalent - blackness symbolized both evil and humility |
| When did the Renaissance begin in Northern Italy? | Last quarter of the 15th century |
| What was the major characteristic of the Northern Italian Renaissance? | Social reform based on Christian ideals |
| What was the goal of Christian humanists? | Create a more perfect world by combining the best elements of classical and Christian cultures |
| What did Lefèvre and humanists like him believe in? | The use of the Bible among common people |
| Utopia | Written by Thomas More; believed society, not people, needed improving. |
| Who best represented Christian humanism? | Erasmus; emphasis on education as the key to a moral and intellectual improvement and inner Christianity. |
| Rabelais | French humanist who wrote very secular stories and believed that institutions molded individuals and that education was the key to moral life. |
| What were the adventures of Gargantua and Pantagruel spoofs on? | French social life |
| How did Northern Italian art differ from Southern Italian art? | More religious with less focus of classical themes |
| Examples of Northern Italian artists | Van Eyck - painter, and Bosch, who used religion and folk legends as themes |
| When did the process of order through centralization of power begin? | 15th century |
| What was the result of attempts at centralization? | The rise of many powerful and ruthless rulers interested in the centralization of power and the elimination of disorder and violence. |
| Who were three rulers who exemplified Machiavelli's The Prince? | Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain |
| What became the new focus/theme of monarchs during the 15th century? | Strong sense of royal authority and national purpose |
| Who led France's recovery after the Hundred Years' War? | Charles VII |
| What did Charles VII do to help France recover from the Hundred Years' War? | Expelled the English, reorganized the royal council, strengthened royal finances, reformed the justice system, remodeled the army, and made church subject to the state |
| What was Louis XI's significance to France? | Expanded the French state and laid the foundations of later French absolutism |
| War of the Roses | Civil war between the houses of York and Lancaster |
| Significance of the War of Roses | Hurt trade, agriculture, and domestic industry |
| What did Edward IV and his followers do? | Began to restore royal power, avoided expensive war, and reduced their reliance on Parliament for funds |
| How did Henry VIII change the role of Parliament? | Went from central power of aristocracy to a tool of the king |
| What did Henry VIII create to check the power of the aristocracy? | court of Star Chamber |
| How did Henry VIII and his successors win the support of the middle class? | Promoting their interest in money, trade, and stability |
| What was the goal of the centuries long reconquista? | Unite Spain and expel Muslims and Jews |
| What did the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella represent? | The last major step in the unification and Christianization of Spain |
| Who did Ferdinand and Isabella use to enforce royal justice? | Hermandades - local police forces |
| What did Ferdinand and Isabella recreate to curb aristocratic power? | The royal council |
| What did Ferdinand and Isabella use along with the royal council to strengthen royal power? | The church |
| Why did many Jews remain in Spain after the reconquista? | They aided royal power |
| What were the roles of Jews in post-reconquista Spain? | Professionals, scape-goats for the Black Death, reason to revive the Inquisition |
| What were conversos? | Jews converted to Christianity |
| Why did Spanish Christians reject conversos? | On the basis of race- and out of fear of conversos taking over public offices |
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