Inhalant anesthetics
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Created by:
kendracbaker on March 23, 2012
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70 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is the safety margin and therapeutic indices range of inhalant anesthetics? | low margin, indices rang from 2-4 |
| Do each of the inhalant anesthetic drugs have the same side effects? | no, different and unique to each drug |
| What is the range of molecular targets of inhalant anesthetics? | wide, targets a variety and they aren't known |
| Are inhalant anesthetics complete anesthetics? | yes |
| In addition to the generalized CNS depression caused by inhalants what is mediated in the higher CNS centres and what is in the spinal cord? | amnesia in CNS immobility in response to noxious stimuli in spinal cord |
| What do inhalants do to nervous conduction of signals and transfer of ions? | disrupts them |
| What are additional targets of inhalants that aren't receptors? (2) | lipids and proteins |
| Why do you have to be carefdul giving epileptic animals enflurane and sevoflurane? | they have epileptogenic potential in predisposed animals |
| What three inhalants can suppress convulsive activity induced by certain drugs? | isoflurane desflurane sevoflurane |
| Why can inhalant anesthetics not be used in cases of head trauma? | cerebral vasodilation so increase intracranial pressure |
| What do inhalants suppress and increase in the respiratory system? | suppress alveolar ventilation increase PaCO2 |
| What are the decreased compensating responses of inhalants in the respiratory system? | increase in PaCO2 won't cause an increase in ventilation |
| Are inhalants broncho dilators or constrictors? | broncho dilators |
| WHat can potentially hapen to humans during induction with desflurane? | airway irritation |
| Do the different inhalants show similar or different respiratory and cardiovascular effects? | similar respiratory different cardiovascular |
| What is the dose dependent decrease in cardiac output, constractility and stroke volume due to? | alterations in intracellular Ca homeostasis |
| Inhalants cause a dose dependent ____ in cerebral blood flow but a _____ to blood flow in the liver and kidneys. | increase decrease |
| What increases in the myocardium in response to inhalants? | automaticity |
| Which inhalant decreases CO and contractility the most? | halothane |
| Which two inhalants increase heart rate and which two decrease? | halothane and desflurane increase isoflurane and sevoflurane decrease |
| Which two inhalants decrease SV the most?? | isoflurane and sevoflurane |
| Which inhalant decreases blood pressure te least? | desflurane |
| Which inhalant could possibly cause coronary steal syndrome? | isoflurane |
| Which is the only inhalant that changes the sp[lanchnic blood flow (decreases it)? | halothane |
| Which inhalant has a large sensitization to catecholamines? Do any of the others? | halothane, none of the others |
| What effects do inhalants have on the liver? | hepatocellular injury and reduces blood flow |
| What do inhalants reduce in the kidney? What do they increase? | reduce blood flow and GFR increase serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, and inorganic phosphate |
| Is there mm relaxation associated with inhalants? | some |
| WHat can enhance inhalants mm relaxation? | non depolarizing mm relaxants |
| What species do you see malignant hyperthermia caused by inhalants in? | pigs and humans |
| What inhalant are you most likely to see maligant hyperthermia with? | halothane |
| What happens to Ca and mm in malignant hyperthermia? | loss of intracellular Ca control and mm rigidity |
| What governs the effects of inhalants in the brain? What is the only route in and out of the body for inhalants? | arterial blood concewntration governs effects lungs only route of entry/exit |
| What is insignificant in determining duration of action of inhalants? | metabolic degredation |
| WHat about inhalants make them readily cross the alveolar membrane? | small and lipid soluble |
| What is delivery of inhalants determined by from the drugs and from the patient? | blood:gas and oil:gas partition coefficients alveolar ventilation rate and CO |
| What is the partition coefficient? | ratio of concentration of the agent in two phases at equilibriujm |
| What is the partition coefficient that is the main factor that determines the rate of induction and recovery? | blood:gas |
| When the blood:gas partition coefficient is lower is the induction and recovery fast or slow? | faster because drug is less soluble in blood |
| WHat governs the concentration of inhalant in the blood? | partial pressure of gas in alveolar space |
| THe more insolble the drug, the ____ the induction and recovery. | quicker |
| What partition coefficient is a measure of fat solubility and determines the potency of the anesthetic? | oil:gas |
| Howdoes the oil:gas partition coefficient influence pharacokinetics? | if it's highly lipid soluble then recovery is delayed due to redistribution to fat |
| Does the washout from different tissues occur at the same or different rates with inhalants? | different |
| WHat is the blood:gas, oil:gas, MAC and induction/recovery time with nitrous oxide? | b:g = .5 o:g = 1.4 MAC = 100 i/r = fast |
| WHat is the blood:gas, oil:gas, MAC and induction/recovery time with isoflurane? | b:g = 1.4 o:g = 91 MAC = 1.2 medium |
| WHat is the blood:gas, oil:gas, MAC and induction/recovery time with desflurane? | b:g = .4 o:g = 23 MAC = 6.1 i/r = fast |
| WHat is the blood:gas, oil:gas, MAC and induction/recovery time with sevoflurane? | b:g = .6 o:g = 53 MAC = 2.1 i/r = fast |
| WHat is the blood:gas, oil:gas, MAC and induction/recovery time with halothane? | b:g = 2.4 o:g = 220 MAC = .8 i/r = medium |
| WHat is the blood:gas, oil:gas, MAC and induction/recovery time with ether? | b:g = 12 o:g = 65 MAC = 1.9 i/r = slow |
| What is MAC? | minimal alveolar concentration that will produce immobility in 50% of patients exposed to supramaximal noxious stimulus |
| What is MAC closely correlated with? | lipid solubility (oil:gas partition coefficient) |
| What is the anlgesic effect of NO? | good analgesia |
| Whatis the second gas effect of NO? | Dont use alone but when added to others it accelerates anesthetic uptake reducig the requirements for theother gas |
| What is the main disadvantage of NO? | causes diffusion hypoxia so need to ventilate with 100% O2 after cessation of NO |
| NO is a GABA agonist, what is the CNSeffect of all GABA agonists? | anxiolytic effects |
| WHere is NO analgesic at? | serotinergic and descending NE systems |
| What is the toxic effect of N2O on bone marrow? | impairs B12 synthesis and depresses leucocyte function |
| What does the teratogenic nature of N2O interfere with? | DNA synthesis and cell division |
| Why cant NO be used in rumen, gastric dilation volvulus, closed pneumothorax, or ocular surgery? | it accumulates in gas-filled spaces |
| WHat does halothane do to cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate? | increases BF and decrease metabolic rate |
| WHat is the cardiovascular effect of halothane caused by reduced Ca mobilization and increased vagal tone? | myocardial depression |
| WHat percentage of halothane could be metabolized by the liver? | 20% |
| What does the reduce CO caused by halothane lead to in the liver and kidney? | reduced blood flow so decreased perfusion |
| WHat does halothane do to GI motility? | reduces it |
| Why is halothane beneficial in cesarians? | uterine mm relaxant (poor sk. mm relaxation) |
| What is the mm relaxation of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane? | significant |
| What does isoflurane do to organ blood flow and the upper respiratory tract? | preserves organ blood flow and irritates URT |
| Whatis the best inhalant for induction? What does it do to blood flow? | sevoflurane preserves blood flow |
| What is the induction and recovery of desflurane? What species is it not used in because of this? | extremely rapid so not used in horses |
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