1.
"Antigens" means: Antibody generators
2.
"Leaf" of epiglottis: "Trap door"
3.
"One-way" flow in lymphatic capillaries: Ends of the endothelial cells that make up the wall overlap and allow IF to flow in and not out
4.
# of deciduous teeth: 20
5.
# of permanent teeth: 32
6.
6 accessory organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
7.
6 functions of the digestive system: Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption defecation
8.
7 Organs of the GI tract: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
9.
Ability not to breathe is limited by:: Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in the body
10.
Ability of NK cells: Can attack any abnormal or unusual body cell, according to proteins on the PM
11.
Absorption in lymphatic capillaries: Have greater permeability that blood capillaries --> can absorb large molecules (e.g. proteins, lipids)
12.
According to Boyle's law, if P = 2 atm, V =: 1/2 liter
13.
Age range for deciduous teeth: Erupt at 6 mo., replaced b/w ages 6-12
14.
Alveolar macrophages: AKA dust cells; phagocytes that remove dust particles and debris from alveolar spaces
15.
An increase in arterial blood PC02 -->: Stimulates the inspiratory center
16.
Anergy: Self-reactive T-cells remain alive but are unresponsive to the antigenic stimulation
17.
Are lymphatic nodules considered organs?: No, because they lack CT capsules.
18.
Area drained by the subclavian trunks: Upper limbs
19.
As pH decreases or the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases, affinity: Declines
20.
Binding of NK cells to a target cell -->: Causes release of toxic granules
21.
Blood pressure -->: Small effect on respiration if changes are detected by baroreceptors
22.
Both lungs have:: An oblique fissure
23.
Central chemoreceptors: Located in the M.O. (of the CNS); respond to changes in H+ concentration, or partial pressure of CO2, or both in cerebrospinal fluid
24.
Chemoreceptors:: Sensory neurons that respond to changes in to the levels of certain chemicals in the body.
25.
Class I MHC: Built into the PM of all body cells except RBCs
26.
Class II MHC: On the surface of antigen-presenting cells
27.
Clone: Population of identical cells that can recognize the same specific antigen as the original lymphocyte
28.
Common bile duct: Formed by the joining of the common hepatic and cystic ducts
29.
Complement proteins prevent: Excessive damage to body tissues
30.
Complement system: Defensive system made of 30+ liver proteins, found circulating in the blood plasma and within body tissues
31.
Complete antigens: Have both immunogenicity and reactivity
32.
Costimulation: Involves a T cell binding to the foreign antigen; 2nd signal
33.
Cytokines: Small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell function
34.
Deglutition: Act of swallowing
35.
Deletion: Self-reactive T cells undergo apoptosis and die
36.
Dentin: Forms majority of the tooth
37.
Dentitions: Sets of teeth; humans have two
38.
Diameter of lymphatic capillaries: Slightly larger than that of blood capillaries
39.
Do granzymes kill the microbes inside infected cells?: No; they destroy the cell as a whole and allow the microbes to be destroyed via phagocytosis.
40.
Do microbes exposed to AMPs exhibit the expected resistance?: No.
41.
During inhalation, the diaphram _________, the chest ________, the lungs are pulled _________, and alveolar pressure _________.: Contracts; expands; outward; decreases
42.
Elevation of the larynx -->: Causes the epiglottis to form a lid over the glottis, closing it
43.
Elevation of the pharynx -->: Widens the epiglottis to receive food or drink
44.
Emigration of phagocytes leads to -->: Leukocytosis (increased WBC count)
45.
Endocrine pancreas: Made of remaining clusters (called pancreatic islets) and secrete four hormones
46.
Epiglottis: Leap-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium
47.
Esophageal stage: Involuntary passage of bolus from esophagus to stomach
48.
Esophagus: Collapsible muscular tube, about 10 inches long, that lies posterior to the trachea
49.
Essentially, inhalation and exhalation are caused by changes in:: Alveolar pressure
50.
Excess filtered fluid of blood capillaries: Becomes lymph when it drains into lymphatic vessels
51.
Exocrine pancreas: 99% of acini (clusters) that secrete pancreatic juice
52.
Extrinsic muscles of the larynx: Connect the cartilages to other structures in the throat
53.
Falciform ligament: Attaches liver to the abdominal wall and diaphragm (only organ to be attached to abdominal wall)
54.
Fever commonly occurs during: Infection and inflammation
55.
Five areas drained by the intestinal trunk: Stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, part of liver
56.
Five areas drained by the lumbar trunks: Lower limbs, wall and viscera of pelvis, kidneys, adrenal glands, abdominal wall
57.
Five common activities of antibodies: 1. Neutralizing antigens; 2. Immobilizing bacteria, 3. Agglutinating and precipitating antigen, 4. Activating complement system, 5. Enhancing phagocytosis
58.
Five folds: Greater omentum, falciform ligament, lesser omentum, mesentery, mesocolon
59.
Five principal lymph trunks: Lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular
60.
Five steps of exogenous antigen processing and presenting: 1. Digestion, 2. Synthesis of MHC-I, 3. Binding, 4. Packaging of antigen-MHC-I molecules, 5. Insertion into PM
61.
Five substances that contribute to inflammatory response: Histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, complement
62.
Flow of bile: Hepatocytes (production) --> Bile canaliculi --> Bile ductules --> Bile ducts --> RIght and left hepatic ducts --> Common hepatic duct (exit the liver) --> Cystic duct of gallbladder
63.
Flow of lymph through lymph nodes (6 steps): Afferent lymphatic vessels --> subcapscular sinus --> trabecular sinuses --> medullary sinuses --> Efferent lymphatic vessels --> Hilum (depression)
64.
Four factors that affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen: Acidity (pH), Partial pressure of CO2, Temperature, and BPG.
65.
Four hormones secreted by endocrine pancreas: Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
66.
Four layers (from deep to superficial): Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa/adventitia
67.
Four layers of the tracheal wall, from deep to superficial: Mucosa --> Submucosa --> Hyaline cartilage --> Adventitia (ACT)
68.
Four locations without lymphatic capillaries: Avascular tissues, the CNS, parts of the spleen, red bone marrow
69.
Four main regions of the stomach: Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part
70.
Four small salivary glands: Labial, buccal, palatal, lingual
71.
Function of complement proteins: Destroy microbes by causing phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation
72.
Function of interferons: To diffuse to uninfected cells and make antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication (essentially - they stop replication)
73.
Function of iron-binding proteins: Inhibiting the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron. Ex: hemoglobin
74.
Function of secondary lymphatic nodules: Sites of plasma cell and memory B cell formation
75.
Functionality of the thymus ___________ with age.: Decreases
76.
Gallbladder: Pear-shaped sac located in a depression on the posterior liver
77.
GI tract regulated by two sets of nerves: Intrinsic set (ENS) and extrinsic set (part of ANS)
78.
Granzymes: Protein-digesting enzymes reduced by NK cells that induce the target cell to undergo apoptosis
79.
Greater omentum: Largest fold; "fatty apron"; can greatly expand with weight gain --> "beer belly"
80.
Haldane effect: The lower the amount of oxyhemoglobin, the higher the CO2-carrying capacity of blood
81.
Hapten: Smaller substance with reactivity but without immunogenicity
82.
Hilum of the spleen: Allows passage for splenic artery, splenic vein, efferent lymphatic vessels.
83.
How does the ANS contribute?: Regulates ENS
84.
Hypercapnia/hypercarbia: >40mmHg for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
85.
Hypocapnia/Hypocarbia: <40mmHg for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
86.
If the affinity declines, more O2 is available for:: Tissues, since it didn't combine with hemoglobin
87.
Immunity: Ability to ward off damage or disease through defenses--> resistance
88.
Immunogenicity: Ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating - the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation of specific T cells, or both
89.
Increased body temperature -->: Increased rate of respiration
90.
Increased pressure inside the lymphatic capillary -->: Cells adhere more closely --> Lymph cannot escape back into IF
91.
Inflammation may cause: Loss of function in the injured area
92.
Inflation reflex: Lungs inflate --> Stretch baroreceptors --> Nerve impulses sent along vagus nerve --> Inspiratory/apneustic areas --> Inspiratory area inhibited directly and inhibits the apneustic area --> Exhalation
93.
Interferons are produced: By lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts that are infected with viruses
94.
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx: Connect the cartilages to one another
95.
Irritation of airways -->: Immediate cessation of breathing, followed by coughing or sneezing
96.
Laryngopharynx (hypo-): Opens into the esophagus (post.) and larynx (ant.)
97.
Lesser omentum: Suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver; pathway for blood vessels entering the liver; contains the hepatic portal vein, common hepatic artery and common bile duct
98.
Limbic system stimulation may:: Excite the inspiratory area --> increase rate/depth of ventilation
99.
Liver: Heaviest gland of the body (almost 3lbs); second only to skin in size
100.
Lobes are separated: Into lobules by trabeculae
101.
Location of exogenous antigen processing and presenting: Surface of an APC
102.
Location of lymph nodes: Along lymphatic vessels, scattered throughout the body, often occur in clumps.
103.
Lymph moves down the lymphatic capillary -->: Pressure is relieved inside the capillary
104.
Lymph nodes function as a: Filter for lymph
105.
Lymph nodes: Structure, location, function: Encapsulated masses of B and T cells, located at intervals along lymphatic vessels, allow the passage of lymph
106.
Lymph trunks: Form when lymphatic vessels exit lymph nodes in a particular body region
107.
Lymphatic nodules: Egg-shaped masses of LT that aren't capsulated; found in the CT of mucous membrane (MALT)
108.
Lymphatic vessels arise from: lymphatic capillaries that unite
109.
Major salivary glands: Release most saliva from behind the oral mucosa --> ducts that lead to the oral cavity
110.
Mesentery: Binds the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall; largest fold --> contributes to the large abdomen of obese individuals
111.
Mesocolon: Two separate folds that bind the transverse and sigmoid colons to the posterior abdominal wall
112.
MHC antigens may be the reason:: Some tissue transplants are rejected
113.
Most CO2 is transported in blood plasma as:: Bicarbonate ions
114.
Most important factor that determines how much oxygen binds to hemoglobin: Pressure of oxygen
115.
Most important muscle of inhalation: Diaphragm
116.
Most O2 is transported by hemoglobin as:: Oxyhemoglobin (Hb--O2) within RBCs
117.
Muscularis: Contains skeletal muscle that produces voluntary swallowing and smooth muscle that contracts to digest and propel food
118.
Nasal cavity: Large space in the anterior skull, inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity
119.
Natural killer (NK) cells: 5-10% of lymphocytes in the blood; found elsewhere in lymphatic tissues.
120.
Negative selection provides:: Self-tolerance of your own peptides and other self-antigens; occurs via deletion and anergy
121.
Normal function of MHC antigens: Helping T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not "self"
122.
Once a helper T-cell is activated, it forms:: A clone of active helper T cells and memory helper T cells.
123.
Oxygenated blood is sent from the lungs to the heart by:: Four pulmonary veins --> L. atrium
124.
Pancreas: Retroperitoneal gland that is about 5-6 inches long and an inch thick; lies posterior to the stomach
125.
Parts of the pancreas: Head, body, and tail
126.
Perforin: Protein released by an NK cell that creates perforations into the plasma membrane of the cell it binds to --> leads to cytolysis
127.
Peripheral chemoreceptors: Located in the aortic bodies and in the carotid bodies
128.
Peritoneum: Largest serous membrane in the body; layer of mesothelium with underlying supporting layer of aerolar CT
129.
Pharyngeal stage of swallowing: Involuntary passage of the bolus from pharynx to esophagus
130.
Pharynx: Funnel shaped tube that extends from the internal nares to the esophagus and larynx
131.
Pharynx belongs to which two organ systems: Respiratory and digestive
132.
Pleural cavity: Space between visceral and parietal plurae, which contains secretions that reduce friction between the membrane
133.
Positive selection allows:: Recognition of self-MHC proteins
134.
Primary lymphatic nodules: Contain chiefly B cells
135.
Prolonged, somatic pain -->: Increased respiration
136.
Pulmonary ventilation: Gas exchange b/w atmosphere and alveoli
137.
Quick changes in respiratory efforts during exercise are caused by: Proprioceptors
138.
Reactivity: Ability of the antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it provoked
139.
Recognition: Involves antigen recognition by a TCR with CD4 or CD8 proteins; 1st signal
140.
Recognition with costimulation -->: Anergy (prolonged state of inactivity) in both B and T cells
141.
Resonance: Prolonging, amplifying, or modifying a sound by vibration
142.
Route of lymphatic vessels in the skin: Follow the same route as veins
143.
Route of lymphatic vessels in viscera: Follow the same route as arteries and form plexuses around them
144.
Second line of defense (four parts): Internal antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, natural killer cells, fever
145.
Second most important muscles of inhalation: External intercostals
146.
Secondary lymphatic nodules: Most lymphatic nodules; form in response to an antigen
147.
Self-tolerance is displayed in:: Both T and B cells
148.
Serosa: Superficial layer; AKA visceral peritoneum
149.
Seven steps of exogenous antigen processing and presenting: 1. Ingestion of antigen, 2. Digestion (into fragments), 3. Synthesis of MHC-II molecules, 4. Packaging of MHC-II molecules, 5. Fusion of vesicles, 6. Binding of peptide fragments with MHC-II, 7. Insertion of complexes into the PM.
150.
Six branches of the bronchial tree: Trachea --> Primary bronchi --> Secondary bronchi --> Tertiary bronchi --> Bronchioles --> Terminal bronchioles
151.
Six steps of fluid flow in the body: Blood capillaries (blood) --> Interstitial spaces (IF) --> lymphatic capillaries (lymph) --> lymphatic vessels (lymph) --> lymphatic ducts (lymph) --> junction of the int. jugular and subclavian veins (blood)
152.
Small salivary glands: Open directly or indirectly to the oral cavity and secrete some saliva
153.
Sound originates from: Vibration of the vocal folds
154.
Stage of respiration where blood loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide: Internal respiration
155.
Stomach: J-shaped enlargement of the GI tract directly inferior to the diaphragm
156.
Stomach connects: The esophagus to the duodenum
157.
Stomach contains: Same basic layers as in the GI tract
158.
Stretching the anal sphincter muscle -->: Increases respiratory rate
159.
Stroma of the spleen (the 4 parts): Capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers, fibroblasts
160.
Structure of lymph nodes: 1-25mm long, with a dense CT capsule that extends into the node (trabeculae)
161.
Structure of the spleen: Encapsulated by DCT, capsule is enclosed by the visceral peritoneum.
162.
Structure that lacks a serosa: Esophagus
163.
Submucosa: Binds mucosa and muscularis; contains many vessels; contains the submucosal plexus
164.
Sudden rise in BP -->: Decreased rate of respiration
165.
Sudden, severe pain -->: Brief apnea
166.
Teeth (Dentes): Located in sockets of the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae
167.
Ten functions of the liver: Carbohydrate, lipid, protein metabolism; processing of drugs and hormones, excretion of bilirubin, synthesis of bile salts, storage, phagocytosis, activation of Vitamin D
168.
The acidity of gastric juices and of the skin helps: Destroy microbes, especially bacteria
169.
The right lung also has:: A horizontal fissure
170.
The spleen contains: Trabeculae
171.
Three areas drained by the bronchomediastinal trunks: Thoracic wall, lung, and heart
172.
Three areas involved in swallowing: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus
173.
Three cases where cell-mediated immunity is very effective: 1. Intracellular pathogens. 2. Some cancer cells. 3. Foreign tissue invaders.
174.
Three forms of transporting gaseous CO2 in the blood (from smallest to biggest %age): 1. Dissolved CO2, 2. Carbamino compounds, 3. Bicarbonate ions.
175.
Three functions of the RS: Provides intake of oxygen and removal of CO2 for gas exchange; helps regulate blood pH; contains olfactory receptors and air filters; makes vocal sounds; excretes small amounts of water and heat
176.
Three histological components of the liver: Hepatocytes (major functional cells); Bile canaliculi (collect bile made by hepatocytes); Hepatic sinusoids (receive oxygenated blood from hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from hepatic portal vein)
177.
Three impressions of the spleen: Gastric, renal, colic
178.
Three layers of the mucosa: Epithelium (protective; secretory), lamina propia, (contain nutrient absorption routes and majority of MALT cells) and muscularis mucosae (increases surface area for absorption by making folds)
179.
Three major external regions of a typical tooth: Crown, neck, root (from superior to inferior)
180.
Three pairs of major salivary glands: Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
181.
Three parts of the gallbladder: Fundus, body, neck
182.
Three parts of the pharynx: Naso-, oro-, and laryngopharynx
183.
Three processes affected by fever: Intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits some microbial growth, speeds up tissue repair
184.
Three specific functions of the complement system: Cause cytolysis of microbes, promote phagocytosis, and contribute to inflammation
185.
Three stages of swallowing: Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
186.
Three types of interferons: Alpha, beta, gamma
187.
To function properly, your T cells must have what two traits?: Self-recognition (ability to recognize your own MHC proteins) and self-tolerance (lacking reactivity to peptide fragments of your own proteins).
188.
Tongue: Made of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane; forms the floor of the oral cavity
189.
Two areas drained by the jugular trunks: Head and neck
190.
Two divisions of the digestive system: GI tract; accessory organs
191.
Two divisions of the peritoneum: Visceral (covers some of the organs in the AP cavity) and parietal (lines wall of abdominopelvic cavity)
192.
Two functions of the esophagus: Secretes mucus and transports food to the stomach
193.
Two human dentitions: Deciduous and permanent
194.
Two lobes of the liver: Right (larger), left (smaller)
195.
Two major types of phagocytes: Neutrophils and macrophages
196.
Two plexuses of the ENS: Mysenteric (b/w layers in muscularis) and submucosal
197.
Two sets of arteries that send blood to lungs: Pulmonary and bronchial
198.
Two signals that activate a T cell: Recognition and costimulation
199.
Two things the esophagus doesn't do: Produce digestive enzymes or carry on absorption
200.
Type of feedback system that regulates respiration: Negative
201.
Vestibule of the larynx: Portion of the cavity of the larynx above the true vocal cords (TVCs)
202.
Visceral pain -->: May slow the rate of respiration
203.
Vocal folds that are pulled taut -->: Vibrate more rapidly --> Result in a higher pitch
204.
Voluntary stage of swallowing: Bolus is passed into the oropharynx
205.
What does immunocompetence mean for B and T cells?: They make several distinctive proteins in their PMs, some of which work as antigen receptors (for recognition).
