Endocrinology
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Created by:
Tiggersk82 on March 24, 2012
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Exam 2
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49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 posterior pituitary hormones | vasopressin (ADH) oxytocin |
| anterior pituitary hormones | growth hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone thyroid stimulating hormone follicle stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone prolactin |
| TRH | released by hypothalamus stimulates TSH and prolactin |
| somatostatin | released by hypothalamus inhibits GH |
| LHRH (GnRH) | released by hypothalamus stimulates LH and FSH |
| PIH | released by hypothalamus inhibits prolactin |
| CRH | released by hypothalamus stimulates ACTH |
| GRH | released by hypothalamus stimulates GH |
| long loop feedback | negative feedback from end hormone |
| short loop feedback | negative feedback from anterior pituitary to hypothalamus |
| growth hormone | growth=deposit of protein increases aa into cells and protein synthesis increases serum glucose inhibits muscles from taking up glucose bone growth |
| somatomedins | small proteins produced by liver in response to GH SM-C or IGF-1 can also be produced locally most growth (primarily muscles) requires somatomedins and growth hormone |
| control of GH | reduction of serum glucose causes release of GH increase in serum aa causes release of GH sleep causes release of GH negative feedback |
| thyroid composition | made of follicles and colloid colloid synthesized by follicle hormones stored in follicle |
| thyroid hormones | modified tyrosine thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3) |
| effects of thyroid hormones | increased metabolic rate increased O2 consumption and heat |
| thyroid hormone requirements | normal growth and development neural differentiation required for GRH to stimulate GH required for normal action of catecholamines |
| zona glomerulosa | mineralocorticoids |
| zona fasciculata | glucocorticoids |
| zona reticularis | androgens |
| adrenal medulla | autonomic ganglion synapse on blood vessels secretes catecholamines into blood |
| systemic effects of catecholamines | sympathetic activations increased serum ffa increased serum glucose increased gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown in liver |
| glucocorticoid effects | conserve and increase serum glucose increase protein degradation similar effects to catecholamine need normal levels for permissive effects protection against stress |
| restraint effects of glucocorticoids | prevents overkill by inhibiting inflammation, immune response, swelling, histamine release, and response to bacterial toxins |
| cortisol control | CRH to ACTH to adrenal cortex cortisol inhibits CRH production affected by circadian rhythm stress stimulates hypothalamus to release CRH |
| cortisol plasma circulation | bound to plasma protein (CBG) in circulation CBG synthesized in liver |
| endocrine pancreas | secretes glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin |
| insulin structure | has A and B chains pancreas B cells make proinsulin, folds naturally then removes connecting peptide |
| secretion of insulin | proinsulin has no bioactivity glucose is primary stimulus for insulin secretion secreted biphasically; initial quick peak, then slow initial secretion is preformed peptide, second peak is production of new insulin |
| transport actions of insulin | influences transport of glucose into muscle, fat GLUT4 transporter induced by insulin insulin not needed for glucose entry into CNS, liver, RBCs stimulated aa transport into cells stimulated potassium into cells |
| metabolic actions of insulin in skeletal muscle | promotes use of glucose promotes glycogen synthesis promotes protein synthesis inhibits proteolysis |
| metabolic actions of insulin in liver | inhibits glucose output stimulates glycogen deposition reduces ketone body formation (from beta oxidation of ffa) |
| glucagon | simple polypeptide uses cAMP second messenger system opposes insulin actions acts on liver |
| incretins | secreted by GI tracts in response to food sensitizes B cells to glucose increased insulin secretion |
| parathyroid hormone | 84 aa secreted by parathyroid gland net action is to increase serum calcium prevents deposition of calcium in other places |
| short term effects of PTH | renal retention of calcium, excretion of phos production of bioactive vitamin D osteoblasts inhibited no change in bone mass |
| long term effects of PTH | osteoclast activation by osteoblasts dissolves matrix increased calcium, decreased phosphate, decreased bone mass |
| calcitonin | secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid net result id decrease in plasma excretion by kidney not very active in adult no associated syndromes |
| synthesis of vitamin D | skin to liver to kidney conversion to bioactive compound in kidney stimulated by PTH and or low phosphate |
| actions of vitamin D | is a hormone increases influx of calcium bu increasing the synthesis of calbindins in GI tract (required for retention of calcium) increases plasma clacium by activating osteoclasts inhibits production of PTH |
| testes | mixed gland 90-95% of mass taken up by seminiferous tubules (Sertoli cells) endocrine part is interstitial cells (Leydig cells) |
| epididymus | final sperm maturation and storage needs very high testosterone |
| testosterone | steroid hormone produced by leydig cells stimulated by LH |
| effects of testosterone | secondary growth genitalia secondary characteristics libido spermatogenesis increases skeletal muscle mass increases production of RBCs |
| mechanism of testosterone | metabolized to 5 alpha DHT, binds to androgen receptor testosterone also binds directly, but less affinity |
| sertoli cells | create blood-testis barrier produces fluid for sperm transport produces inhibin and ABP sperm clings onto sertoli to mature stimulated by FSH |
| role of FSH in spermatogenesis | needed for initiation needed for normal numbers of sperm stimulates sertoli cell binding sites for sperm |
| role of testosterone in spermatogenesis | very high levels needed to maintain process uses ABP as binding protein within tract (different protein in systemic circulation) stimulates sperm binding proteins for sertoli cells |
| inihibin | produced by sertoli cells inhibits ability of pituitary to secrete FSH (not LH) |
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