Rad Position Exam 2
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100 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 How many vertebra are there | 24 true movable; 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar. |
| The thoracic curve is ______ posteriorly and _______ anteriorly. | Convex posteriorly and concave anteriorly |
| What are the three parts of a typical vertebrae | Body, vertebral arch, and vertebral foramen |
| Congenital defect of vertebral column where the laminae fail to unite posteriorly at midline. | Spina Bifida |
| Lateral c-spine demonstrates what. | Zygapophyseal joints |
| Oblique c-spine with a 15 degree angle (LPO/RPO) demonstrates what. | Intervertebral foramina of c-spine |
| What vertebrae possess the dens and the odontoid process. | The axis or 2nd cervical vertebra. |
| The sid for a standing lateral is | 72 inches |
| Where is the CR centered for the lateral c-spine | C4 |
| What is the CR and angle for AP axial oblique projection of the c-spine. | C4 \cephallic angle of 15 to 20 degrees |
| The cervical and lumbar curves which are _____ anteriorly, are called ________ curves | Convex; lordotic |
| The thoracic and pelvic curves are _______ anteriorly and are called _______ curves. | Concave; kyphotic |
| Which are the primary curves. | Thoracic and Pelvic |
| What are the secondary curves. | Cervical and lumbar |
| The central mass of each intervertebral disk made of soft pulpy semigelatinous material. | Nucleus pulposus |
| An outer fibrocartilagious disk surrounding the nucleus pulposus | Anulus firbrosus |
| What is formed by articulation of vertebral notches of superior and inferior vertebrae. | Intervertebral foramina |
| The broad flat laminae are directed ______ and ______ from the pedicles. | Posteriorly and medially |
| The transverse processes project _______ and slightly ______ from the junction of the pedicles and laminae. | Laterally and slightly posteriorly |
| The spinous process projects _______ and _______ from the junction of the laminae in the posterior midline. | Posteriorly; inferiorly |
| The articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches | zygapophyseal joints. |
| The zygapophyseal joints of the cervical vertebrae are shown in what projection. | Lateral |
| An accurate radiographic demonstration of the cervical intervertebral foramina requires what. | 15-degree longitudinal angulation of the central ray and a 45-degree medial rotation of the patient. |
| The intervertebral foramina of the thoracic region are clearly shown radiographically with the patient in what position. | A true lateral position. |
| On the c-spine, the intervertebral foramina open.... | 45 degrees anteriorly and 15 degrees inferiorly |
| What is the preferred SID for the lateral c-spine. | 72 inches |
| What is the CR angle for an AP axial c-spine. | 15 degrees cephalic |
| What is the line that is perpendicular with the IR for the AP open mouth projection. | The occlusal plane. |
| Where is the IR centered for the AP axial c-spine. | C4 |
| Which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated in an AP axial oblique or RPO/LPO of the c-spine | Those farthest from the IR. |
| What is the anterior displacement of the vertebral body. | Spondylolisthesis |
| True or False: For a cervicothoracic lateral projection, the patient must depress the shoulder closest to the IR and carefully raise the arm opposite the IR. | False |
| True or False: The "swimmers" projection is often performed AP supine on the backboard and in a cervical collar. | False |
| Which of the following are functions of the vertebral column? | Supports the trunk Protects the spinal cord *Supports the skull superiorly |
| The vertebral column articulates with the hip bone at the ______. | sacroiliac joint |
| When viewed from the side, the vertebral column presents how many curves? | 4 |
| The second cervical vertebra is called the: | axis |
| The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine open: | 45 degrees anteriorly and 15 degrees inferiorly |
| The zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection? | lateral |
| The vertebral foramen of the 1st cervical vertebra contains the: | dens and spinal cord |
| Which of the following vertebral areas have a kyphotic curve? | thoracic sacrum and coccyx |
| An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is termed: | scoliosis |
| Where should the center of the IR be positioned for the "open mouth" AP projection of the atlas and axis? | second cervical vertebra |
| Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the dens within the foramen magnum? | Fuchs |
| Which of the following lines must be perpendicular to the IR for the AP "open mouth" atlas and axis? | a line drawn form the lower edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid process |
| Where is the CR directed for an "open mouth" AP projection of the atlas and axis? | perpendicular through the open mouth |
| Where is the IR centered for an AP axial cervical spine? | 4th cervical vertebra |
| The CR angle for a lateral cervical spine is: | 0 degrees |
| The CR angle for an AP axial cervical vertebra is: | 15 to 20 degrees cephalad |
| Where is the IR centered for a lateral cervical spine? | 4th cervical vertebra |
| A typical vertebra is composed of which main parts? | Body Vertebral arch |
| Which of the following should be performed to place the back in contact with the table for an AP thoracic spine? | Flex the hips Flex the knees |
| Ideally, the cathode end of an x-ray tube should be positioned to take advantage of the "heel effect" of the tube. Where should the cathode be placed for an AP thoracic spine? | toward the feet |
| If a lead rubber sheet is not placed on the table when performing a lateral projection of the thoracic spine, the image may be: | overexposed |
| The zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the midsagittal plane? | 15 to 20 |
| Where does the CR enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the coccyx? | 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis |
| What is the recommended SID for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine? | 72 inches |
| How much is the body rotated for a PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina? | 45 degrees |
| Which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated on the PA oblique projection of the lumbar spine? | joints farthest from the IR |
| Where is the 35x43 cm CR directed for a lateral lumbosacral spine? | the iliac crest |
| Which projections will demonstrate the right sacroiliac joint? | LPO position |
| Which projection/position of the lumbar spine displays the vertebrae in the form of a "Scotty dog"? | AP oblique; RPO/LPO |
| Which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated on the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine? | joints closest to the IR |
| Which projection/position used to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine? | AP oblique, RPO and LPO position |
| To demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine, the patient angle is____ and the tube angle is ______. | patient angle is 45 degrees and the tube angle is 0 degrees |
| How many foramina are located in each cervical vertebra? | 3 |
| The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine are demonstrated on which projections? | RPO and LPO; side farthest from IR is demonstrated |
| Where should the superior edge of the IR be placed for an AP projection of the thoracic vertebrae? | 1.5 to 2 inches above the shoulders |
| Which of the following describes the central ray centering point for the L5-S1 lateral projection? | 2 inches posterior to the ASIS and 1.5 inches below the iliac crest |
| The "swimmers lateral" projection is performed to demonstrate the: | cervicothoracic region vertebrae |
| How many degrees is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection of the sacroiliac joint? | 25 to 30 degrees |
| What is the CR centering point for an AP oblique lumbar spine? | 2 inches medial to the elevated ASIS and 1.5 inches above the iliac crest |
| Where is the IR centered for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmers lateral)? | C7 - T1 inner disk space; approximately where neck and shoulders meet. |
| What is the CR angle for an AP thoracic spine? | 0 degrees |
| Where is the CR directed for an AP lumbar spine? | 2 fingers above the crest |
| Which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine? | those farthest from the IR |
| The respiration phase for an AP or PA axial oblique projection of the cervical spine is: | suspended respiration |
| Patients may arrive in the emergency room with trauma to the neck. Which projection of the cervical spine is performed first, and then reviewed by a physician, before proceeding with other projections? | dorsal decubitus (cross-table) lateral |
| The articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches are called the: | zygapophyseal joints |
| The CR angle for an AP axial projection of the coccyx is: | 10 caudad |
| Where does the CR enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the sacrum? | 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis or greater trochanter |
| The CR angle for an AP axial projection of the sacrum is: | 15 cephalad |
| Which of the following breathing techniques can be used for a lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae? | Normal breathing |
| Where is the CR directed for a lateral thoracic spine? | level of T-7 |
| Where is the central ray positioned for a lateral sacrum? | at the level of the ASIS and 3.5 inches posterior |
| The CR angle for an AP oblique sacroiliac joint is: | 0 degrees |
| The condition of the lumbar spine in which there is anterior displacement of one vertebra over another is termed: | spondylolisthesis |
| Spina bifida is a congenital deformity of the vertebral column in which the _______ fail to unite posteriorly. | lamina |
| The condition in which an intervertebral disk "slips" and protrudes into the vertebral canal is called: | herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) |
| The _______ ________ of the Lumbar spine is smaller than those of the Thoracic vertebrae. | transverse process |
| When doing the oblique projection for the SI joints; LPO or RPO; which side is demonstrated. Side up or side down | Side up is demonstrated |
| What is the degree of obliquity for the LPO and RPO to demonstrate the SI joints | 25 to 30 degrees |
| What is the tube angle on the AP axial sacrum. | 15 degree cephallic |
| What is the tube angle of the AP axial lumbosacral joint. | 35 degrees cephallic |
| Where is the top of the light field on the swimmer's lateral. | above EAM |
| What is the SID for the swimmer's lateral? | 40 SID |
| For the RPO and LPO oblique projections of the lumbar, which side and what is demonstrated. | the zygapophyseal joints of the side closest to the IR are demonstrated |
| In which two projection do you place lead on the table to absorb scatter. | Left lateral thoracic and left lateral lumbar. |
| Where is the center ray on the RPO/LPO oblique projection of the lumbar spine. | CR is directed 2 fingers above the crest and 3 fingers in towards midline from elevated asis. |
| where is the center ray for the left lateral lumbar. | CR is at 2 fingers above the crest and split the C formed by the hand cupping the crest. |
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