Anatomy 2 Lab Test 2 Chapter 21 Respiratory System
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 nasal/oral passage --> pharynx --> pharynx proper --> larynx (epiglottis, vocal chords, caritlage) --> trachea --> carina --> primary bronchi --> tertiary bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli | conductive pathway |
| conductive pathway | pathway of air coming in and out of body; brings O2 in and CO2 out; nasal/oral passage all the way to alveoli in the lungs |
| alveoli --> capillaries --> blood --> CO2 falls off --> CO2 leaves blood --> capillary beds --> alveoli/ gas exchange | respiratory pathway; the smaller part of the conductive system in the lungs where the gas exchange actually takes place |
| ventilation | process of the lungs inflating and deflating |
| alveoli | tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place |
| lobes | smaller divisions of the lungs; R lung has 3 lobes (upper, middle, and lower), L lung has 2 (upper and lower) |
| fissures | separate the lobes of the lungs |
| horizontal fissure | separates the right upper and right middle lobes of the R lung |
| right oblique fissure | separates the right middle and right lower lobes of the R lung |
| left oblique fissure | separates the left upper and left lower lobes of the L lung |
| pleural membrane | each lung is surrounded by a double layered serous membrane; similar to the one around the heart; 2 layers: parietal pleura and visceral pleura |
| parietal pleura | outer pleura lines the thoracic cavity and the superior surface of the diaphragm |
| visceral pleura | inward folds of the parietal pleura form this (the inner pleura); adheres to the surface of the lung |
| pleural cavity | thin potential space between the 2 pleural membranes; filled with serous fluid that reduces friction as the lungs change shape and size during ventilation |
| upper respiratory tract | passages superior to the thoracic cavity |
| lower respiratory tract | passages within the thoracic cavity |
| conducting zone | division of the respiratory tract; conduct air to the lower passages where gas exchange takes place; nasal cavity --> terminal bronchiole |
| respiratory zone | division of the respiratory tract; passages in which gas exchange takes place; respiratory bronchiole --> alveoli |
| nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | filter, warm, and humidify inhaled air |
| pharynx | aka throat; 3 divisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| nasopharynx | 1st division of the pharynx where only air comes through; lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous secreting goblet cells; closed off by muscles of the palate when swallowing food so that food does not enter the nasal passage |
| oropharynx | 2nd division of pharynx posterior to nasal cavity; both food and air pass through; lined with stratified squamous epithelium |
| laryngopharynx | 3rd division of pharynx btwn larynx and esophagus; food and air pass through; lined with stratified squamous epithelium |
| larynx | aka voice box where sound is produced, passage for air; epiglottis is the lid and keeps food out |
| larynx cartilage | - thyroid cartilage - large and shield like, forms anterior and lateral walls - cricoid cartilage - inferior to thyroid cartilage, small - cricothyroid ligament - soft piece of connective tissue btwn thyroid and cricothyroid cartilage |
| larynx voice box | 2 sets of ligaments known as vocal cords/folds: - false vocal chords - superior set, no role in sound production - true vocal chords - inferior set, vibrate as air passes over them to produce sound |
| trachea | C shaped ring of hyaline cartilage; bifurcates into the 2 primary bronchi branches of the lungs |
| primary bronchi | - right - short, fairly straight, and wide - left - long, more horizontal, and narrow |
| secondary bronchi | each serve one lobe of the lung (so 2 in the L lung and 3 in the R); branch to tertiary, quaternary and so on until bronchioles |
| bronchioles | bronchi classified as smaller than 1 millimeter in diameter |
| terminal bronchioles | classified as bronchioles smaller than 0.5 millimeters in diameter; mark the end of the conducting zone |
| respiratory bronchiole | contain alveoli in their walls and as they branch, more and m ore alveoli fill the walls until there is only alveoli and it is then called and alveolar duct |
| alveoli | thin walled sacs located on the walls of respiratory bronchiole |
| alveolar ducts | point at which the walls of the respiratory bronchiole are completely covered in alveoli |
| alveolar sacs | grapelike clusters of alveoli surrounded by pulmonary capillaries; where gas exchange takes place**; |
| gas exchange | oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the blood through the pulmonary capillaries, and carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled |
| mucous membrane | line all passageways that open to the outside of the body including the respiratory tract; characterized by epithelial tissue overlying the basement membrane |
| respiratory membrane | membrane composed of a capillary wall and an alveolar wall through which blood and inspired air exchange gases |
| submucosa | deep to mucous membrane, loose connective tissue; contains seromucous glands that secrete watery mucous |
| adventitia | outermost layer of respiratory tract; dense irregular collagenous tissue with elastic fibers for support |
| cricothyroidotomy | (seen in movies where a hole is poked in the neck and a rescuer breathes into a straw directly into the neck of a person); in real life, this is performed by Drs when an upper respiratory tract is blocked 1- cricothyroid ligament is cut 2- tube is inserted in the opening and ventilates for the person bypassing the upper respiratory tract |
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