APUSH 1910s-1930s
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ELattimore on March 25, 2012
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The American Pageant - Chapters 27, 30-33
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171 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Red Scare, 1919-1920 | americans were afraid that communists were going to take over the US since the Bolsheviks took over Russia |
| A. Mitchell Palmer | Attorney General "fighting Quaker" rounded up and deported nearly 6000 immigrants - Palmer Raids suspected of communist activity |
| Sacco-Vanzetti case | they were italian, atheist, and anarchits convicted of murder of a payroll clerk judge and jury were prejudice sentenced unfairly to death |
| "new" KKK | early to late 1920s midwest and "bible belt" south nearly 5 million members antiforeignist and antiblack held political influence lots of propaganda |
| Marcus Garvey | black political leader jamaican-born but lives in Harlem wanted to send blacks back to Africa with Black Star Line Steamship Company founded the United Negro Improvement Association convicted of mail fraud and deported |
| Emergency Quota Act (1921) | limmited immigration quota per country to 3% of current americans of that ethnicity replaced by Immigration Act of 1924 |
| Immigration Act of 1924 | limmited immigration quota per country to 2% of current americans of that ethnicity (stopped japanese immigration) discriminatory against southern europeans wanted to freeze current racial composition end of immigration era |
| 18th Amendment (1919) | originally the Volstead Act prohibited all alcoholic drinks supported by many women and churches led to "speakeasies" didn't stick - later repealed |
| Al Capone | Chigago murderous gangster/ booze distributor earned millions branded "public enemy #1" caused much gang warfare served 11 years for tax evasion |
| St. Valentine's Day Massacre | 1929 - Chicago cold blooded killing of 7 unarmed members of rival gang couldn't convict Capone for murders |
| "Little" Lindbergh law | Charles Lindbergh's infant son was kidnapped and later murdered interstate abduction in certain circumstances is a capital offense |
| John Dewey | Professor at Columbia one of America's front-rank philosophers "learning by doing" - progressive education |
| Scopes "Monkey" Trial | Dayton, TN bio teacher John T. Scopes taught evolution defended by Clarence Darrow, prosecution William Jennings Bryant inconclusive trial law was later repealed |
| Andrew Mellon | Secretary of the Treasury theory - high taxes force the rich to invest in tax exempt securities and not in business/factories helped engineer a series of tax reductions to promote business over stocks (continued by Congress) |
| Babe Ruth | George H. Ruth baseball player home-run hero of Yankee Stadium more well known than many political figures of the time |
| Jack Dempsey | 1921 heavyweight boxing champion beat frenchman Georges Carpentier |
| Henry Ford | Detroit first mass production automobile maker - "Tin Lizzy" used the assembly line gospel of standardization - very economical |
| Orville and Wilbur Wright | Kitty Hawk, 1903 first in flight |
| Charles A. Lindbergh | Spirit of St. Louis "Flyin' Fool"/national hero first person to fly solo, nostop across the Atlantic boost in aviation industry |
| Guglielmo Marconi | Italian invented wireless telegraphy - used for long-range communication in WWI |
| KDKA broadcasting | 1920 - Pittsburg first radio station early programs only reached local audiences knitted the nation together |
| Radio Commercials | detergent commercials during dramatic/complex plot stories - led to "soapoperas" |
| The Great Train Robbery (1903) | first movie (story sequence) featured in 5cent theaters (nickelodeons) |
| The Birth of a Nation (1915) | one of the first full length classics - very popular directed by D.W. Griffith glorified the KKK of reconstruction days defamed blacks and northern carpetbaggers |
| The Jazz Singer (1927) | first "talkie" - ended the age of the "silents" Al Jolson - star |
| Margaret Sanger | feminist led a birth-control movement |
| Amiee Semple McPherson | founded the FourSquare Church used radio to get people to join |
| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) (1923) | Alice Paul's National Women's Party wants equal rights for women very untraditional |
| "flappers" | young, independent women bobbed tresses, short dresses, lipstick symbolized new freedom and independence of women |
| Sigmund Freud | Viennese physician argued that sexual repression was responsible for a variety of nervous and emotional ills provided justification for new age sexual frankness |
| Harlem Renaissance | Harlem, NYC, NY (Greenwich Village) "new negro" - full citizen and social equal exhaulted black culture |
| Jazz | first purely american form of music started in New Orleans virtuoso wanderings and tricky syncopation |
| Langston Hughes | black poet "poet laureate of Harlem" "The Weary Blues" (1926) "I, too" |
| Countee Cullen | black poet part of the Harlem Rennaissance |
| Claude McKay | Black writer helped lead Harlem rennaissance |
| Zora Neale Hurston | Black writer helped lead Harlem rennaissance |
| Edith Wharton | cosmopolitan novelist popularity from earlier decades continued |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | from Minnesota The Great Gatsby (1925) This Side of Paradise (1920) inspired by the new moral codes of the time |
| Theodore Drieser | An American Tragedy (1925) explored pitfalls of social striving |
| Ernest Hemingway | American author A Farewell to Arms (1929) The Sun Also Rises (1926) very affected by WWI |
| Sherwood Anderson | Winesburg, Ohio (1919) - caustic probing of American small town life disected fictional personalities warped by cramped psychological surroundings |
| Sinclair Lewis | hot-headed, heavy drinking journalist Main Street (1920) Babbitt (1922) |
| William Faulkner | from Mississippi The Sound and the Fury (1929) As I Lay Dying (1930) Absalom, Absalom! (1936) chronicled fictional deep south |
| Ezra Pound | Idahoan poet left America for Europe doctrine: "make it new" |
| T.S. Elliot | Missouri poet The Waste Land (1922) very influential poems moved to England |
| Robert Frost | San-Francisco born poet wrote hauntingly about his adopted New England |
| e.e. cummings | poet relied on unorthadox diction and peculier typesetting |
| Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong | jazz artist trumpet |
| "Jelly Roll" Morton | jazz |
| Big Bull Market | boom in stock exchange speculation ran wild boom-or-bust trading stock market became akin to gambling |
| buying on margin/credit | buying with a small down payment raised large sums of money from the stock market |
| Charles Evans Hughes | secretary of state under Harding secured for American oil companies the right to share in the exploitation of the Middle East's oil riches developed arms ratio in Five-Power Naval Treaty |
| Washington Naval Conference (1921-22) | "Disarmament" Conference Secretary Hayes played large role all the major naval powers were present, except Russia discussed situation in far east as well decided to take a ten year break from building battleships very clear, concise plan |
| Five-Power Naval Treaty (1922) | for every 5 arms the US or UK had, Japan could only have 3 as compensation, US and UK would stop fortifying far eastern possesions (Phillipines) |
| Four-Power Naval Treaty | replaced the Anglo-Japanese alliance Britain, Japan, France, and US would preserve the status quo in the Pacific |
| Nine-Power Naval Treaty (1922) | Open Door policy in China for other countries |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | 1928 - Paris French foreign minister and the US secretary of state, Frank B. Kellogg pledge to forswear war as an instrument of national policy "Pact of Paris" eventually ratified by 62 nations |
| Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) | 38.5% tax tax on farm products increased designed to equalize American and foreign production spurred trade barriers |
| Teapot Dome Scandal | 1921 - Teapot Dome, WY and Elk Hills, CA Albert B. Fall (secretary of the interior) leased naval oil reserves to Harry Sinclair and Edward Poheny (oilmen) ruined Harding's reputation as a president, even though he hadn't been involved |
| Dawes Plan (1924) | rescheduled German reparations payments opened the way for futher American private loans to Germany caused money Merry-Go-Round |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) | 60% duty angered foreigners country went deeper into depression highest protective tariff in nation's peacetime historyy |
| Black Tuesday | Oct. 29, 1929 stock-market crash caused in part by the British lost $40 billion in paper values in 2 months following people couldn't get their money out of banks, and many never saw it again |
| "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" | Yip Harburg and Jay Gorney depressing song about how terrible the depression is |
| "Hoovervilles" | cardboard box house villages |
| "rugged individualism" | Hoover |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) (1932) | government lending bank - assisted insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, and railroads no loans to individuals passed too late to make a difference in the economic situation |
| Bonus Expeditionary Force | veterens of WWI held riots in D.C. demanding payment for services in WWI evicted cruely by General Douglas MacArthur |
| Manchurian Crisis | Japanese invade part of China looking for natural resources |
| Stimson Doctrine (1932) | US would not recognize any territorial claims made by force |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | FDR's first lady - most active in history influenced national policies traveled on her husband's behalf battled for the impovershed and oppressed |
| Brain Trust | wrote FDR's campaign speeches FDR's "kitchen cabinet" |
| "Happy Days are Here Again" | pro-FDR popular tune |
| Bank Holiday | March 6-10 prelude to poening the banks on a sounder basis |
| Emergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA) (1933) | part of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" immediate action gave president the power to regulate banking transaction and foreign exchange sound banks can reopen; unsound stay closed restored citizens' confidence in US banks |
| Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act | provided for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation |
| Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) | part of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" immediate "relief" payments to unemployed run by Harry L. Hopkins granted $3 billion to states to pay out, preferably for wages on work projects |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) | part of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" paid farmers for not growing crops or destroying them helped farmers pay their mortgages goal was "artificial inflation" to establish "parity prices" (equivalent value from 1909-1914) later found unconstitutional - seen as sinful destruction of food sources |
| Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) | possibly the most popular of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" provided summer work for young men in conservation projects - required to send part of salary home to help support the family referestation, fire fighting, flood control, swamp drainage built the Blue Ridge Parkway |
| Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) | part of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" low interest loans to people wanting to buy a home refinanced mortgages on non-farm homes |
| Civil Works Administration (CWA) | part of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" - branch of FERA build roads and airports provided temporary jobs during the winter |
| Father Charles Coughlin | "radio priest" wanted more socialist sytem to get out of depression |
| Huey Long | LA senator "share the wealth" "every man a king" |
| Works Progress Administration (WPA) | part of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" - under FERA construction on hospitals, bridges, parks, and airports hired artists to paint murals for public buildings gave 9 million people jobs provided part time occupations for students |
| "The Blue Eagle" | symbol of the NRA (National Recovery Administration) |
| National Recovery Administration (NRA) | most complex and far reaching of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" regulated production, price, and working conditions within industries employers can't interfere with unions codes of "fail competition" established maximum hours of labor to provide the same job to more people |
| Francis Perkins | first female cabinet member secretary of labor |
| Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act (1936) | pay farmers to plant soil conserving crops or to let land lie fallow |
| John Steinbeck | The Grapes of Wrath (1939) |
| Indian Reorganization Act (1934) | "back to the blanket" |
| Federal Securities Act | required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds |
| Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (1934) | designed as a watchdog for the stock market |
| Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) | most revolutionary of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" built hydo-electric dams on Tennessee River to provide electricity to eastern TN and western NC headed by George W. Norris (Nebraska senator) |
| Fereral Housing Administration (FHA) (1934) | small loans for householders to improve their dwellings or to complete a new one |
| Social Security Act (SSA) (1935) | part of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" national pension plan for people over the age of 65 |
| Wagner National Labor Relations Act (1935) | created National Labor Relations Board reasserted rights to labor unions provoked increase in labor union membership |
| Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) | 1935 - John L. Lewis CIO breaks from AFL in 1938 - becomes Congress of Industrial Organizations invented the "sit-down strike" - General Motors plant in Michigan |
| 20th Amendment (1933) | "Lame duck" amandment - shortened the time between election and inauguration by 6 weeks presidential sucession |
| Court Packing Plan | FDR wanted to add justices to supreme court to balance out the conservatives who made up its entirety shocked the nation - very opposed Judicial Reorganization Act |
| John Maynard Keynes | British economist deficit spending - "priming the pump" Keynesianism |
| Our Country | 1890 - Reverend Josiah Strong inspired missionaries pro-imperealism |
| Alfred Thayer Mahan | Influence of Sea Power upon History - 1890 sea is key to world dominance inspired naval race recommended new modern battleships, canal, naval bases in Carribean and Phillipines, and 2 ocean navy |
| Queen Liliuokalani | queen of Hawaiian islands dethroned in a revolt to annex Hawaii to US to prevent tariffs on exports |
| "Butcher" Weyler | spanish general tried to crush the cuban revolt for independence by herding civilians into reconcentration camps hsi actions prompted American involvement |
| yellow journalism | William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer exaggerated happenings in Cuba to sell more newspapers sensationalism |
| Frederick Remington | hired by Hearst to draw sketches of the conditions in Cuba |
| U.S.S Maine | 1898 Havana Harbor, Cuba mysterious battleship explosion killed 260 sailors sparked Spanish-American war |
| Teller Amendment (1898) | when US overthrows Spanish, Cuba gets its independence |
| George Dewey | commander of the American Asiatic Squadron attacked Spanish Phillipines without loosing any men national hero |
| Emilio Aquinaldo | Filipino insurgents leader part-chinese joined with American troops didn't secure filipino independence |
| "Rough Riders" | Colonel Leonard Wood (Theodore Roosevelt) won the battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba |
| Anti Imperialist League | Mark Twain, WIlliam James disliked expansionist moves into the Phillipines spread against labor leaders and capitalists |
| white man's burden | Rudyard Kipling wealthy Americans must help uplift the underprivileged, underfed, and underclad of the world |
| Insular Cases (1901) | Puerto Rico the flag outruns the constitution |
| Walter Reed | innovative research on combating yellow fever in Cuba |
| "splendid little war" | Spanish-American War 113 days raised national pride in US |
| Open Door Letter | John Hay (Secretary of State) european spheres of influence in China would not be respected by americans opened American trade in China |
| Boxer Rebellion | Beijing (Peking) Boxers - superpatriotic, martial arts training killed foreigners, christians, and diplomats US troops had to step in to protect trade |
| Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) | US gave Panama $40 million to build the 10 mile-long Panama Canal protected US trade in the Carribbean |
| Roosevelt Corolarry (to the Monroe Doctrine) | 1904 state of the union address "preventitive intervention" US would financially support latin american countries to keep europeans from becoming involved "big stick" diplomacy |
| Gentlemen's Agreement | CA repeals school segregation Tokyo stops Japanese imigration by withholding passports |
| The Great White Fleet | 16 battleships on visible voyage around the world wanted to impress the Japanese led to Root-Takahira Agreement |
| Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) | US and Japan would respect each others territorial possesions in Pacific and uphold Open Door Policy in China maintained peace between US and Japan |
| "peace without victory" | president Wilson restated America's commitment to neutrality claimed it was the only durable solution to tensions |
| Zimmerman note | German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico proposed German-Mexican Alliance promised Mexico AZ, TX, and NM aggravating factor to US involvement in WWI |
| Jeannette Rankin | 1916 - Montana First congresswoman in the House of Representatives |
| Fourteen Points | Wilson's ideas for war resolution put Wilson as moral leader of Allied cause very inticing but not super practical suggested the League of Nations |
| League of Nations | introduces in Wilson's Fourteen Pts. provided a system of collective security US never joined |
| Committee on Public Information | headed by George Creel mobilized people's minds for war - spread propaganda for WWI |
| "over there" | George M. Cohan most popular song in the 1910s helped get American support for the war |
| Eugene V. Debs | socialist leader led Antiwar rally convicted under Espoinage Act of 1917 ran for president in 1920 from jail - recieved almost 1 million votes |
| Espoinage and Sedition Acts | 1917/1918 prosecuted many antiwar socialists and members of the radical IWW |
| IWW | Chicago, IL William "Big Bull" Haywood - leader members = "wobblies" - transient workers industrial sabotage |
| Food Administration Board | Herbert C. Hoover relied on voluntary donations used propoganda posters - "wheatless wednesdays" "meatless mondays" provided food for soldiers in battle |
| Bolshevik Revolution | Russia communist bolsheviks take over the government withdrew Russia from WWI in 1917 spawned a small communist party in America |
| Gassed | John Singer Sargent painting enemy in WWI was far and unseen death was impersonal trench warfare |
| Argonne Forest | 1918 - France some of the heaviest fighting in WWI killed 10% of the Americans involved (120,000) |
| "Black Jack" Pershing | 1917-1918 led the first purely american troops of the war got weapons and such from allies still covered 85 mille front from Swiss border to French lines |
| Big Four | 1919 - inner clique at treaty conference Wilson (US) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) David Lloyd George (UK) Georges Clemenceau (France) |
| Irreconcilables | Henry Cabot Lodge and Republican Senators oppossed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations |
| Treaty of Versailles | 1919 ended WWI harsh to germans = set up for WWII never passed in America |
| P.E. of 1920 | Warren Harding (R) vs. James M. Cox (D) vs. Eugene Debs Wilson had a stroke and couldn't run again Cox was pro-league Debs got 1 million votes from jail landslide for Harding |
| The Man Nobody Knows | Bruce Barton bestselling book Jesus was the best adman of all time |
| Frederick Taylor | "father of scientific management" inventor/engineer/tennis player developed stopwatch efficiency techniques (used in car industry) |
| W.C. Handy | jazz "St. Louis Blues" |
| Joseph King Oliver | jazz |
| H.L. Mencken | Baltimore, MD wrote for "American Mercury" attacked marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, middle class, do-gooders role model for many young authors |
| Adkins vs. Children's Hospital | women now had the right to vote and were legal equals of men, so they could no longer be protected by special legislation reversed Muller vs. Oregon invalidated minimum wage law for women |
| American Legion | Colonel Theodore Roosevelt Jr. and other veterens of WWI - "doughboys" distinguised for militiant patriotism chief grievance was monetary - wanted adjested compensation notorious for aggressive lobbying for veteren's benefits got Bonus Bill (1922) (vetod) and Adjustment Compensation Act (1924) |
| McNary Haugen Bill | sought to keep agriculture prices high by authorizing the government to buy surplus and sell overseas special tax on farmers would compenate best proposal for farmers, but Coolidge vetod twice |
| Robert "fighting Bob" LaFollette | Wisconsin senator progressive presidential candidate endorsed by the American Federation of Labor and supported by socialists was for government ownership of railroads, relief for farmers anti monopoly and judicial review recieved 5 million votes |
| P.E. of 1928 | Herbert Hoover (Secretary of Commerce) (R) vs. Alfred E. Smith (NY governer) (D) Smith was too urban and also Catholic - "a vote for Smith is a vote for the pope" Hoover - "rugged individualism" Hoover won in landslide |
| Farm Credit Administration | part of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" low interest loans to farmers to prevent foreclosures |
| Public Works Administration | part of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" built schools, two navy cruisers, deep water ports, Grand Coulee Dam headed by Harold L. Ickes (Secretary of the Interior) purpose - long range recovery |
| P.E. of 1932 | Roosevelt (D) vs. Hoover (R) Roosevelt was charismatic, Hoover was a failure shift of blacks to Democratic party landslide for Roosevelt |
| "... the only thing we have to fear is fear itself" | Roosevelt's first inaugural address reassured citizens that the country would get back on its feet |
| RRR | New Deal: Relief, Recovery, Reform both short and long-term plan to help the US out of the Depression |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) | created by the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act insured individual deposits up to $5000 ended string of bank failures |
| "sick chicken" case | Schechter brothers in Brooklyn had fowl business congressional control of interstate commerce could not apply to their local fowl business congress cannot delegate legislative powers to the executive branch |
| Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) | wages and hours bill industries in interstate commerce have minimum-wage and maximum-hours under 16 is child labor opposed by southern textile manufacturers didn't benefit blacks, Mexican Americans, and women |
| P.E. of 1936 | Roosevelt (D) vs. Alfred Landon (R) (KS senator) Hoover backed Landon Democrats had the support of CIO, 3rd parties, and blacks landslide Roosevelt reelection |
| "forgotten man" | blacks, urbanites, poor, "new immigrants", catholics, jews FDR won because he appealed to them |
| 21st Amendment | ended prohibition overruled the 18th amendment |
| Dust Bowl | 1933 - east CO to west MO overfarming and drought cause loose topsoil wind erosion caused dust storms many farmers left |
| "okies" and "arkies" | dust bowl migrants fled their ruined acres many moved to CA |
| Jingoism | extreme nationalism little bit racist/antiforeignism |
| Platt Amendment | US leaves Cuba if Cuba doesnt -have big debt -have foreign treaties -let US oversee affairs to keep law and order -US Guantanamo Bay naval base in Cuba |
| dollar diplomacy vs. big stick diplomacy | economic strength vs. military strength |
| causes of WWI | Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism |
| Great Migration | blacks move north |
| "return to normalcy" | Harding |
| Duke Ellington | jazz composer/pianist |
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