Botany Exam 2
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81 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Diffusion | The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region where the water is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated |
| Osmotic Potential | Just enough pressure to prevent fluid from moving as a result of osmosis |
| Turgor Pressure | pressure within a cell resulting from water uptake |
| Water Potential | Is essentially the osmotic potential and the pressure potential combined |
| Pressure Potential | Turgor that builds up against the cell wall as a result of water entering the vacuole |
| Plasmolysis | The loss of water through osmosis, which is accompanied by the shrinkage of protoplasm away from the cell wall |
| Imbibition | Absorption of water and swelling of tissues because of water adhesion |
| Active Transport | The absorption of solutes against a diffusion gradient through the expenditure of energy |
| Transpiration | Water vapor loss from the internal leaf atmosphere and stomata |
| Cohesion-Tension Theory | The theory that explains the rise of water in plants through a combination of the cohesion of water molecules in the xylem and the tension on the water columns excerted by transpiration |
| Guttation | The loss of liquid water from the tips of veins of the leaves on certain plants. Usually occurs from a temperature jump (cold night following humid day) |
| Pressure-Flow Hypothesis | The theory that food substances in solution in plants flow along concentration gradients between the sources of the food and sinks (places where the food is utilized) |
| Potassium (Essential element in the plant) | Activates enzymes, seen in the opening and closing of stomata |
| Metabolism | The sum of all the interrelated biochemical processes that take place in a living organism, require energy to occur |
| Anabolism | The formation of chemical bonds to build molecules through the help of enzymes |
| Enzymes | Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells without being used up in the reaction. Regulate metabolic activity |
| Catabolism | The process of using ezymes that help to break chemical bonds |
| Photosynthesis | the conversion of light energy to chemical energy; utilization of carbon dioxide, water, and light to form sugar with oxygen gas as a biproduct |
| Respiration | The cellular breakdown of sugar and other foods, utilizes oxygen gas. |
| ATP | (Adenosine triphosphate) the energy that cells need to do their work. |
| Photo-oxidation | the bleaching of leaves, where the leaves are exposed to so much sunlight that the chlorophyll cannot compensate and burn out |
| Photorespiration | Runs the process of photosynthesis in reverse |
| Light-Dependant Reactions | The first major steps in the conversion of light energy to biochemical energy. 1. Water molecules are split apart, releasing oxygen and hydrogen molecules 2. The released electrons are passed along the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 3. ATP is produced 4. the hydrogen molecules reduce NADP to form NADPH that will be used in the light independant reactions |
| Light-Independant Reactions | Also known as the calvin cycle and the dark rxn's, it is the completion of the conversion of light energy to chemical energy by using the ATP and NADPH to form sugars |
| Fermentation | Substrate level phosphorylaton, an inefficient way to produce ATP. Allows the plant to survive without oxygen gas |
| Rubisco | The #1 protein, acts as the link between light dep-indep rxns. Allows the reactants to produce glucose and measures the carbon dioxide to oxygen gas ration to decide if the plant can do photosynthesis |
| Growth | An irreversible increase in mass due to the division and enlargement of cells |
| Differentiation | The cells develop different forms adapted to specific functions, conditions, support, or secretion |
| Development | The coordination of growth and differentiation of a single cell into multicellular tissues and organs |
| Nutrients | Substances that furnish the elements and energy for the organic molecules |
| Vitamins | Most are coenzymes that are organic molecules that participate in catalyzed reactions |
| Auxin | A growth regulating hormone, triggers the production of other growth hormones |
| Gibberellin | Growth hormone known for promoting the elongation of stems |
| Cytokinins | A growth hormone involved in cell division |
| Abscisic Acid | A growth inhibiting hormone. Blocks the effects of auxins. |
| Apical Dominance | The suppression of the growth of the lateral buds (also called axillary buds) |
| Phototropism | A growth movement stimulated by light Positive - toward the light Negative - away from the light |
| Gravitropism | Growth responses to the stimulus of gravity. Positive - bend with gravity Negative - bend against gravity |
| Hygroscopic water | Water that is bound to the soil, unavailable to the plant |
| Field Capacity | Water that is left for the plant after being drained by gravity |
| Permanent-Wilting point | The rate of water absorbance that is insufficient for plant needs. |
| Blue water | Surface and Ground water |
| Green water | Rainwater |
| Gray water | Dillution of pollution in the water |
| Effects of Soil pH | Affects nutrient availability. If acidic, inhibits growth of nitrogenous bacteria. Alkalinity causes minerals such as Cu and Fe to be less available |
| Macronutrients | Essential for plant growth, used by the plant in greater amounts. Typically used for structure of plant. (N,C,Ca,K) |
| Micronutrients | Nutrients needed in smaller amounts, primarily used in functions of the plants (Fe,Na,Cu,Zn) |
| Circadian rhythms | "Sleep" cycle of the plant. The folding and unfolding of the leaves |
| Solar Tracking | Also known as heliotropism, leaves often twist on their petioles to become perpendicularly oriented to a light source |
| Thermoperiod | The optimum night and day temperature for growth |
| Turgor movement | Results from change in internal water pressure, often initiated by touch with objects outside the platns |
| Dormancy (temp and growth) | Not growing even with the correct stimuli |
| Quiescence | Not growing because the stimuli is not met |
| Stratification | The process of artificially breaking the dormancy of a seed/plant |
| Mitosis | Asexual reproduction where two identical daughter cells are reproduced. Quick form of reproduction and allows a plant to dominate an environment |
| Meiosis | (Sexual reproduction) The process of two successive nuclear divisions. One diploid cell becomes four haploid cells. Daughter cells are not identical and allows for genetic diversity |
| Alternation of Generations | Life cycle involving sexual reproduction that alternates between diploid sporophyte phase and haploid gametophyte phase |
| Alternation of Generation (Significance) | This life cycle allows for a greater chance of survival by providing greater diversity in the genes of the offspring |
| Syngamy | fusion of gametes |
| Central Dogma of Biology | Replication -->DNA (Genotype)--transcription-->RNA--translation-->Protein--phenotype-->Evolution |
| Three types of RNA | mRNA - messanger RNA - translated to produce proteins tRNA - transfer RNA - machinery for translation rRNA - ribosomal RNA - machinery for translation |
| Transposition | The movement of a piece of a chromosome to another chromosomal location |
| Nucleotides | Chain of building blocks of DNA |
| Gene | A segment of DNA that directs the synthesis of a protein |
| Genome | The sum total of DNA in an organism's chromosomes |
| Mutation | A change in the DNA sequence. 4 types point, deletion, insertion/duplication/ and inversions |
| Mutagens | Agents that alter DNA sequence. Ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation, and certain chemicals |
| Cytogenetics | The study of chromosome behavior |
| Law of Independant Assortment | Factors controlling two or more traits segregate independently from each other |
| Somatic mutation | A mutation that occurs in a body cell and will exist in all cells produced by mitosis |
| Germ-line mutation | A mutation that occurs in tissue that will produce gametes |
| Translocation | Results when a piece of a chromosome breaks off and becomes attached to another one |
| Speciation | The formation of a new species. Translocation and Inversion play an important role |
| Inversion | Results when a peice of a chromosome is broken and reinserted in the opposite orientation. (ex. ABCDE-->ABDCE) |
| Incomplete Dominance | An intermediate of the heterozygous phenotype. (red and white make pink) |
| Linked Genes | Genes that are located close together on a chromosome. The closer they are to each other, greater likely hood they will both be inherited |
| Hardy-Weinberg Law | Proportions of dominant alleles to recessive alleles will remain the same from generation to generation in the abscence of forces that can change the proportion |
| Natural Selection | Organism with favorable conditions/adaptions to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. |
| Functional Extinction | The animal is technically still alive, but not enough allelic diversity for the species to survive. (cheetah and rhinos) |
| Gene Flow | A change in genetic makeup of a population due to random events |
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