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alveol-, alveolo- alveolus (tooth socket), alveolar amino- chemical compound containing -NH2 amyl-, amylo- starch appendico- an appendix -ase enzyme bili- bile bucco- cheek calori- heat cec-,ceco- blind (closedd), cecum celi-, celio- abdomen, belly cephal-, cephalo- head cheil-, cheilo- lip chol-, chole-,cholo- bile cholangi-,cholangio- bile duct, biliary passage chyl-, chyli-, chylo- chyle (milky fluid taken up by intestines) col-,coli-, colo- colon dent-,denti-, dento- tooth, dental duoden-. duodeno- duodenum, duodenal emet-,emeto- vomiting , emesis enter-, entero- intestine epiplo- omentum (apron), epiploon (omentum) esoph-, esopho- esophagus, esophageal galact-, galacto- milk gastr-,gastro- stomach, gastric gloss-, -glossa,glosso- tongue gluco-,glyc-. glyco- glucose, sugar hepat-, hepato- liver hernio- hernia ile-,ileo- ileum, ileal jejun-,jejuno- pertaining to the jejunum lingu-,lingua-,lungui-,linguo- tongue lip-, lipo- lipid, fat lith-, litho- stone, calculus oro- mouth, oral palato- palate pancre-,pancreo- pancreas, pancreatic peritoneo- peritoneum -phagia eating or swallowing pharyng-, pharyngo- pharynx, pharyngeal proct-,procto- anus and rectum pylor-, pyloro- muscular opening, pylorus rect-,recto- rectum, rectal sacchar-,sacchari-,saccharo- sugar sial-,sialo- saliva, salivary sigmoid-, sigmoido- sigmoid, S-shaped stomat-,stomato- mouth uvul-, uvulo- uvula vermi- worm, worm like bilis bile cholecyst gall bladder diverticulum a by-road gingiva gum kolon colon pepsis digestion polypus mass of tissue bulging from the normal surface level vitalis life alimentary digestive tube from the mouth to the anus digestion the conversion of food into usable substances through the actions of enzymes and movements chemical digestion the breaking down of food by enzymes mechanical digestion the breaking down of food by forces of movement peristalsis progressive waves of contractions in GI tract salivary glands exocrine structures that secrete saliva parotid glands salivary glands in front of and below the external ears submandibular glands salivary glands below mandible sublingual glands salivary glands beneath tongue dentes teeth;calcified organs used for chewing mastication chewing bolus rounded food mass made by the mouth papillae small projections deglutition swallowing ingestion taking food into the body uvula appendage hanging from the soft palate dentition collective term for the teeth collectively deciduous teeth the 20 primary teeth permanent teeth the 32 adult teeth incisors front cutting teeth (four in upper jaw, four in lower jaw) cuspids teeth with one points; canines bicuspids teeth with two points; premolars molars teeth that grind and pulverize gingiva mucous membrane covering the alveolar process; gum crown top part of a tooth neck area between the crown and the root of a tooth alveolar process bony ridge of the maxilla and mandible for teeth; alveolar bone alveolar bone bony ridge of the maxilla and mandible for teeth; alveolar process roots parts of teeth embedded in tissue periodontal ligament connective tissue surrounding the tooth's root attaching it to the alveolar bone root canal tooth cavity in the root containing pulp, nerves, and blood vessels enamel calcified substance covering the tooth's crown dentin calcified tooth tissue over the roots, surrounding the pulp, and covered by cementum pulp soft interior of the tooth cementum bony tissue covering the tooth's root esophagus musculomembranous tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach mucosa mucous membrane that secretes mucus submucosa layer of fibrous connective tissue attached to the mucosa muscularis muscular layer of a tubular organ serosa serous membrane that secretes serous fluid esophageal hiatus opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus lower esophageal sphincter (LES) circular band of muscle between the stomach and the esophagus that prevents backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus stomach organ in which food is stored after swallowing and that secretes gastric juice to aid digestion cardia stomach area adjacent to the esophagus fundus dome shaped stomach region eructation belching, burping pylorus region of the stomach opening into the small intestine rugae stomach folds or wrinkles distend stretch mucous cells cells that secrete mucus chief cells stomach cells that secret papsinogen; zymogenic cells zymogenic cells stomach cells that secret papsinogen; chief cells pepsinogen pepsin antecedent pepsin proteinase of gasric juice parietal cells gastric cells that secrete HCl and intrinsic factor intrinsic factor substance produced by gastric cells that enable the absorption of vitamin B12 pancreas gland with endocrine and exocrine functions located next to the duodenum pancreatic duct pancreas excretory canal emptying into the duodenum acinar cells pancreatic cells that secrete pancreatic juice and enzymes pancreatic juice alkaline secretion containing proteolytic, lipolytic, and amylolytic enzymes peritoneum serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and surrounds the abdominal organs mesentery membrane that attaches the small intestines to the posterior abdominal wall mesocolon membrane connecting the colon with the posterior abdominal wall falciform ligament mesentery of the liver extending from the diaphragm to the umbilicus lesser omentum peritoneal fold extending from the lesser curvature of the stomach to transverse fissure of the liver greater omentum peritoneal fold extending from the greater curvature of the stomach, covering intestines, and fusing with the transverse mesocolon liver largest body organ; located beneath the diaphragm and primarily on the right side of the abdominal region; and has a role in metabolism, digestion, and detoxification of body substances lobules small lobe or lobe subdivision hepatocyte liver cell bile alkaline fluid secreted by the liver and passed into the duodenum electrolytes minerals (ions) dissolved in solution and circulating in body fluids common hepatic duct duct formed by the union of the left hepatic duct and right hepatic duct cystic duct duct of the gallbladder common bile duct (CBD) duct formed by the union of the cystic duct and hepatic ducts hepatic portal vein vessel formed at the junction of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins that delivers blood from the digestive system to the liver sinusoids spaces within the liver kupffer cells fixed macrophages lining the hepatic sinusoids; stellate cells stellate cells fixed macrophages lining the hepatic sinusoids;kupffer cells central veins veins that drain the sinusoids metabolism chemical and physical activity consisting of anabolism and catabolism glycogenesis glycogen formation glycogenolysis glucose liberation from glycogen gluconeogenesis glucose formation gallbadder musculomembranous organ found on the undersurface of the liver's right lobe that stores and concentrates bile small intestine proximal portion of intestine between stomach and large intestine involved with nutrient absorption pyloric sphincter circular muscle enclosing pylorus between the stomach and the small intestine duodenum first part of small intestine beginning at pylorus jejunum part of small intestine between the duodenum and ileum ileum last part of small intestine between jejunum and large intestine villi elongated finger like projections from the intestinal mucosa microvilli hair like projections that increase absorptive surface area of intestines plicae circular folds of small intestine segmentation intestinal churning and mixing movements borborygmi GI sounds caused by flatus flatus gas or air in the GI tract large intestine distal portion of the intestine between the ileum and the anus that forms, stores, and expels waste matter ileocecal valve sphincter between the ileum and the cecum cecum pouch where the large intestine begins vermiform appendix small structure projecting from the cecum colon large intestine, beginning at the cecum and ending at the sigmoid colon ascending colon section of the large intestine from the cecum to the hepatic flexure transverse colon section of the large intestine between the hepatic flexure and the splenic flexure flexure bend descending colon section of the large intestine between the splenic flexure and the sigmoid colon sigmoid colon section of the large intestine between the sigmoid colon and the anal canal rectum section of the large intestine between the sigmoid colon and the anal canal anal canal terminal portion of the large intestine between the rectum and the anus anus termination of the large intestine internal anal sphincter ring of involuntary muscle at the anal orifice external anal sphincter ring of voluntary muscle at the anal opening defecation bowel evacuation feces solid body waste material excreted form the bowels chyme viscid fluid stomach contents, consisting of food mixed with gastric secretions, that enters the duodenum enterogastric reflexes nervous system actions that inhibit stomach peristalsis enzyme proteinaceous catalytic substance catalyst substance that alters the speed of chemical reactions lipase fat splitting enzyme amylase starch and glycogen splitting enzyme absorption to take up or assimilate digestive products through the gastrointestinal mucosa emesis vomiting kilocalorie (kcal) unit of energy producing in food basal metabolic rate (BMR) quantity of energy the body expends performing basic physiological tasks carbohydrate (CHO) organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen saccharide compound with a sugar base monosaccharide simple carbohydrate disaccharide carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharides polysaccharide carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides glucose (C6H12O6) a monosaccharide (C6H12O6) galactose a monosaccharide component of lactose fructose the monosaccharide in fruits and honey lactose the disaccharide in milk maltose (C12H22O11) a disaccharide C12H22O11 sucrose a disaccharide found in sugarcane and sugar beets starch (C6H10O5) a plant carbohydrate, C6H10O5 glycogen a polysaccharide formed of glucose and stored in the liver and muscle tissue cellulose a nonstarch plant polysaccharide protein a compound made of amino acids amino acids the building block of proteins lipid fat vitamin organic substance necessary for normal metabolism mineral inorganic substance ingested for normal health and maintenance malocclusion abnormal positioning of the teeth upon jaw closure orthodontics dentistry concerned with the prevention and correction of teeth irregularity periodontal disease term describing pathology of gums, teeth, and underlying bone gingivitis inflammation of the gums around the roots of the teeth dental caries progressive tooth decay plaque hardened film of saliva, mucus bacteria, and food on the tooth surface halitosis bad breath abscess pus filled cavity created by bacterial infection and inflammation temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ) inflammation of the mandible and temporal bone articulation characterized by limited jaw movement and pain aphtha white oral ulcer of unknown cause herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) virus that causes cold sores cold sore small painful blister in the mouth or on the surrounding lips; fever blister thrush fungal infection of the mouth characterized by white patches necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis painful ulcerative condition of the mouth caused by normal mouth microbes oral leukoplakia thickened white patches inside the mouth ulcer slow healing sore on the surface of an organ or tissue resulting from tissue necrosis peptic ulcer mucous membrane erosion of the upper GI tract caused by excessive secretion of acid gastric ulcer sore on the stomach membrane lining duodenal ulcer sore on the duodenum membrane lining regurgitation bringing undigested food up from the stomach to the esophagus or mouth pyrosis uncomfortable burning sensation in the lower chest; heartburn serum gastrin test gastic and intestinal hormone found in blood antacid substance that neutralizes acid antibiotic chemical agent that inhibit bacterial growth H2 receptor antagonist drug that blocks gastric secretions proton pump inhibitor drug that suppresses gastric acid secretions appendicities inflammation of the appendix with severe pain nausea unsettling feeling in the stomach with the urge to vomit constipation difficulty eliminating feces diarrhea increased water content in the stools fecal incontinence inability to control defecation flatulence excessive gas in the GI tract McBurney point site of extreme tenderness indicating appendicitis Aaron sign pain in the abdominal region over the McBurney point that is elicited when pressure is applied and indicates appendicitis rebound pain after applying pressure to a spot the pain is greater when the pressure is removed; rebound pain Blumberg sign after applying pressure to a spot, the pain is greater when the pressure is removed; rebound pain Rovsing sign pressure on the left lower quadrant causes pain in the right lower quadrant in acute appendicitis cholecystitis inflammation of the gallbadder cholelithiasis gallstones in the gallbadder or bile ducts colic attack of abdominal pain caused by colonic spasms obesity body weight>20% greater than the recommended weight for sex and height cholecystogram radiograph of the gall bladder cholangiogram x ray of the bile ducts after introduction of a contrast dye cholecystectomy surgical removal of the gall bladder laparoscope instrutment used to view the inside of the body through a small incision extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) fragmentation of stones using ultrasound shock waves so that the pulverized pieces can pass naturally pancreatitis pancreas inflammation serum amylase test measuring pancreatic enzyme levels of amylase serum lipase test measuring pancreatic enzyme levels of lipase urine amylase test measuring pancreatic enzyme levels of urine amylase nasogastric tube small hose from the nose to the stomach for feeding purposes cystic fibrosis (CF) hereditary disease associated with dysfunction of the exocrine glands anorexia loss of appetite primary malnutrition ill health resulting from an inadequate diet secondary malnutrition ill health resulting from a disease process that makes a normally healthy diet inadequate anorexia nervosa disorder characterized by not eating because of a morbid fear of weight gain emaciation excessive leanness caused by muscle wasting bulimia disorder characterized by binge eating and self induced purging kwashiorkor malnutrition in children caused by inadequate intake of protein marasmus severe malnutrition in children phenylketonuria (PKU) hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD) disorder of regurgitation into esophagus dysphagia difficulty swallowing barium swallow radiographic study of the pharynx and esophagus after ingestion of barium sulfate(BaSO4) upper GI series (UGI) x-rays of the GI tract after swallowing barium sulfate endoscope fiberoptic scope for viewing inside the body esophagoscopy endoscopic examination for viewing the esophagus gastroscopy endoscopic examination for viewing the stomach esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) endoscopic examination for viewing the esophagus,stomach and duodenum esophageal varices twisted, swollen veins in the esophagus lavage washing out of a hollow organ using flow or water epigastric tamponade insertion of a tampon (plug) in the epigastric region to control bleeding hernia abnormal protrusion of an organ through a wall or cavity abdominal hernia abnormal protrusion of an organ through a wall or cavity in the abdominal region inguinal hernia abnormal protrusion of an organ through a wall or cavity in the groin region reducible hernia abnormal protrusion of an organ through a wall or cavity that can be physically manipulated back into normal position strangulated hernia abnormal protrusion of the intestine obstructing blood and fecal current Valsalva maneuver action of exhaling when the mouth and nostrils are closed, forcing air into the middle ears via the eustachian tubes herniorrhaphy surgical repair of an opening in the wall of a body or cavity truss device that applies pressure to a hernia to stop it from enlarging or protruding hiatal hernia protrusion of the stomach through the opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus cholinergics drugs that mimic acetylchloine activity to strengthen the esophageal sphincter gastroenteritis stomach and intestine inflammation resulting from infection celiac disease malabsorption disorder caused by gluten sensititivity; celiac sprue, gluten enteropathy gluten enteropathy malabsorption disorder caused by gluten sensititivity; celiac sprue, celiac disease celiac sprue malabsorption disorder caused by gluten sensititivity; gluten enteropathy, celiac disease steatorrhea fatty stools ileus peristalsis failure causing intestinal obstruction inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) disorder that causes inflammation of the bowel Crohn disease chronic lower intestinal tract disease marked by scarring and obstruction; regional enterities regional enterities chronic lower intestinal tract disease marked by scarring and obstruction; Crohn Disease anticholinergic cholinergic- (Ach-) blocking agent immunosuppressant drug that hampers the immune response diverticulum abnormal pouch in the lining of the mucous membrane of the bowel diverticulosis presence of abnormal protrusions (diverticula) in the bowel wall diverticulities inflammation of the diverticula peritonitis inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdomen hemorrhoid painful varicose vein in the rectum and anal canal hematochezia passage of blood in the feces; hemochezia hemochezia passage of blood in the feces;hematochezia melena dark colored stools caused by bowel bleeding ligation tying around a structure during surgery with a ligature cryosurgery surgery in which extremely cold temperatures are applied to destroyed tissue or stop bleeding hemorrhoidectomy surgical removal of hemorrhoids colitis inflammation of the colon pseudomembranous enterocolitis inflammation in which the bowel mucosa has a membranous appearance irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) disease causing alternating attacks of diarrhea and constipation spastic colon irritable bowel syndrome with constipation; spastic colitis spastic colitis irritable bowel syndrome with constipation; spastic colon ulcerative colitis inflammation of the colon accopanied by sores on the bowel wall fulminant sudden onset with severe symptoms of short duration colorectal cancer umbrella term for various cancers within the colon and or rectum dyspepsia indigestion, difficulty digesting food occult hidden or difficult to detect fecal occult blood test determines the presence of hidden blood in the stool guaiac test tool for detecting hidden blood in the feces barium enema (BE) introduction of barium sulfate into the large intestine through the anus for diagnostic purposes colonoscopy visual examination of the colon signoidoscopy visual examination of the sigmoid colon colostomy surgical construction of an artificial opening between the colon and the exterior cecostomy surgical construction of an artificial opening made to the exterior from the sigmoid colon cirrhosis chronic progressive liver disease characterized by the replacement of hepatocytes with scar tissue hepatitis liver inflammation hepatitis virus studies tests for antibodies to various hepatitis viruses total serum bilirubin test measures the bile pigment bilirubin in the blood urine bilirubin test measures the bile pigment bilirubin in the urine aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme test used to assess damage to liver tissue; SGOT test serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) enzyme test used to assess damage to liver tissue; AST test alanine amintransferase (ALT) enzyme test used to assess damage to liver tissue; SGPT test serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) enzyme test used to assess damage to liver tissue; ALT test alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme test used to assess damage to liver tissue; isoenzyme ALP1 test isoenzyme ALP 1 enzyme test used to assess damage to liver tissue; alkaline phosphatase test 5'-nucleotidase enzyme test used to assess damage to liver tissue; gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) enzyme test used to assess damage to liver tissue; gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase(GGTP) enzyme test used to assess damage to liver tissue; plasma ammonia test diagnostic tool to evaluate blood plasma levels of ammonia serum protein tests diagnostic tool to evaluate blood serum levels of albumin and globulin prothrombin time test (PT) measures blood clotting time Ach ACETYLCHOLINE ADA AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION BM BOWEL MOVEMENT BMI BODY MASS INDEX BMR BASAL METABOLIC RATE BUN BLOOD UREA NITROGEN C CARBON CCK CHOLECYSTOKININ CDC CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION CDR COMMISSION ON DIETETIC REGISTRATION CHO CARBOHYDRATE CRF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE C&S CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY Identification and examination of microbes and their responsiveness to specific antibiotics CT COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY ERCP ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY Image of the bile duct system using a duodenoscope ESRD END STAGE RENAL DISEASE H HYDROGEN H+ HYDROGEN ION H2 HISTAMINE 2 HAV HEPATITIS A VIRUS HBV HEPATITIS B VIRUS HCL HYDROCHLORIC ACID HCV HEPATITIS C VIRUS HDV HEPATITIS D VIRUS HEV HEPATITIS E VIRUS HGV HEPATITIS G VIRUS H2O WATER K+ POTASSIUM ION LD LICENSED DIETITIAN NHANES NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY NCHS NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS NG NASOGASTRIC NSAID NONSTEROIDAL ANTI INFLAMMATORY DRUG O OXYGEN PEM PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION RD REGISTERED DIETITIAN R/O RULE OUT Grey Turner Sign bruise like discoloration on flank, which indicates pancreatitis