Energetics and Cell Respiration
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65 terms
Math / Symbols | English |
|---|---|
 Life | the quality that distinguishes a vital and functional being from a dead body |
| dead | deprived of life |
| irritability | ability to respond in some adaptive way to an environmental stimulus |
| Metabolism | ability to carry out biochemical reactions in the body. Comes about by interactions between molecules |
| Homeostasis | Same or similar condition in the body. Example: plasma in blood has specific concentration |
| catabolism | process of degredation |
| catabolic pathways | When complex molecules are broken down or degraded chemically into their building blocks subunits along with release of energy needed for this. |
| ATP | energy currency of living things; called adenosine triposphate; made from adenine, sugar, and triphosphate |
| soluble molecule | this molecule lowers water concentration if we store a high concentration of glucose in a body cell |
| anabolism | synthesis process |
| anabolic pathway | when simple building blocks that consume energy are used to build a complex molecule |
| matter | has mass and takes up space |
| energy | ability to move matter against some opposing force |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| Law of Entropy | Since there is never a 100 percent transformation of energy for one organism to another, the amount of entropy or disorder in the system or the universe increases and the energy for work decreases |
| Potential energy | the energy of position relative to the surface of the earth and configuration of chemical bonds that make up molecules |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| free energy | The energy that can perform work in a system when the temperature and pressure are constant throughout the system. |
| chemical reactions | when molecules in a system collide with enough force to break the intermolecular bonds |
| spontaneous chemical reactions | do not require the external input of energy |
| Exergonic reactions | Reactants over products; amount of free energy lowers; heat given off |
| Endergonic reations | Products over reactants; amount of free energy increases; heat gained and stored |
| ∆G = ∆H - T∆S | ∆G: change in free energy ∆H: change in enthalpy T: temperature in Kelvins ∆s: change in entrapy |
| chemical equilibrium | the rate of forward reactions equals the rate of reverse reactions |
| nucleotide | phosphate group bonded to a pentose sugar bonded to a nitrogen base |
| pyrophosphate linkage | highly unstable bond where hydrolysis takes place |
| kinase | will help facilitate the transfer of a phospate group given up to a nearby molecule |
| cold chemistry | when biochemical reactions in living organisms have to take place at low temperatures due to delicate proteins |
| enzymes | biological catalyst that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed; have the forms of globular proteins |
| globular proteins | have a surface active site that acts on a substrate |
| Ptyalin | carbohydrate digestive enzymes that increase salivary secretions |
| enzyme substrate complex | when the substrate enters the activation site it activates the complex which induces the enzyme to fit the substrate more tightly and facilitates the reaction |
| factors that effect enzyme | increase in temperature, pH, salinity, feedback inhibition |
| enzyme cofactors | small molecules bound to active sites that facilitate enzymatic reactions |
| feedback inhibition | when the metabolic pathway is switched off by the accumulation of its own end product |
| allostaric inhibitor | binds to a site on enzyme surface away from the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme enough to not allow the substrate |
| autotrophic | green plants transform photons of energy from sunlight to chemical energy |
| heterotrophic | animals eat the products of the plants |
| Mitochondria | spherical in shape; contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes and are self-replicating |
| Glenn Margulis | Came up with the Endosymbiotic theory |
| Endosymbiotic theory | Theory that when protobiomts appeared they probably started consuming each other for energy. When the little protobiomt is brought in through endocytosis, it begins producing energy which the larger one feeds off of. Mutual relationship |
| Structure | outer compartment or inter membrane space, inner membrane, and matrix |
| Matrix | Inner fluid filled space of the mitochondrian that makes up the electron transport chain |
| Commensalism | Relationship where two organisms live together and one benefits while the other is neutrally affected. Ex: Remora |
| Parasitism | Two organisms living together where the parasite benefits and the host is negatively effected. Ex: ticks |
| Mutualism | Both organisms living together benefit from the relationship. Ex: Nile crocodile and Egyptian Pluver |
| Glycolysis | Step by step chemical breakdown of glucose into purivic acid that takes place outside the mitochondria |
| Krebs Cycle (Citric acid cycle) | The continued degradation of CO2 that produces "taxicabs". Takes place in the matrix. |
| Substrate-level phosporylation | Direct transfer of a phosphate group and energy to ADP from some organic compound having energy rich photons |
| Electron Transport Chain | Accept electrons from "taxicabs" and pass them down a chain to the ultimate electron acceptor, Oxygen |
| Chemical oxidation | Substance loses a hydrogen and an electron in the presence of another substance |
| Dehydrogenesis | special group of enzymes that remove hydrogen |
| Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide | Called NAD; is a "taxicab" molecule |
| Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide | Called FAD; are nonproteinous enzymes important to dehydrogenesis |
| Osmosis | The net movement of individual molecules of water from an area of low pressure to an area of high pressure across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Osmotic pressure | Pressure engendered in a solution by the presence of a solid |
| Peter Mitchell | Conceived the chemiosmotic theory; received the Nobel Prize for his work |
| Chemiosmotic theory | Theory that hydrogen ions are pumped across membranes that separate isolated compartments in the electron transport chain |
| ATP synthase complex | Group of ATP synthesizing proteins that spans the inner membrane from inner compartment to matrix |
| Rotor | Part of the ATP synthase complex that spins in a phospholipid bilayer |
| Ambient environment | Environment that animals lose heat to |
| Ectothermic | Animals who use energy from outside along with cell respiration to raise body temperature |
| Endothermic | Animals that depend on metabolic production of heat to raise body temperature (warm-blooded) |
| Thermoregulation | When animals change their body temperature by changing their posture or position related to the environment |
| Metabolic rate | Inversely related to body size |
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