LOM Ch 11 Cardiovascular System
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wilson28018 on March 26, 2012
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158 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 aorta | Largest artery in the body. |
| arteriole | Small artery |
| artery | Largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. |
| atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) | Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them. His is pronounced "hiss". |
| atrioventricular node (AV node) | Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from the paacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles. |
| atrium (plural: atria) | One of two upper chambers of the heart. |
| capillary | Smallest blood vessel. materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls. |
| carbon dioxide | Gas (waste) released by the body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation. |
| coronary arteries | Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. |
| deoxygenated blood | Blood that is oxygen-poor. |
| diastole | Relaxation phase of the heartbeat |
| electrocardiogram | Record of the electricity flowing through the heart. The electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T. |
| endocardium | Inner lining of the heart |
| endothelium | Innermost lining of blood vessels. |
| mitral valve | Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve. |
| murmur | Abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves. |
| myocardium | Muscular, middle layer of the heart. |
| normal sinus rhythm | Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a resting rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute. |
| oxygen | Gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells. |
| pacemaker (sinoatrial node) | Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. An artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning. |
| pericardium | Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart. |
| pulmonary artery | Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs |
| pulmonary circulation | Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. |
| pulmonary valve | Valve positioned between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
| pulmonary vein | One of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. |
| pulse | Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries |
| septum (plural: septa) | Partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum). |
| sinoatrial node (SA node) | pacemaker of the heart. |
| sphygmomanometer | Instrument to measure blood pressure. |
| systemic circulation | Flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissue. |
| systole | Contraction phase of the heartbeat. |
| tricuspid valve | Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it has three leaflets, or cusps. |
| valve | Structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction. |
| vein | Thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart. Veins contain valves to prevent blackflow of blood. |
| vena cava (plural: venae cavae) | Largest vein in the body. The superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart. |
| ventricle | One of two lower chambers of the heart. |
| venule | Small vein. |
| angi/o | vessel |
| aort/o | aorta |
| arter/o | artery |
| arteri/o | artery |
| ather/o | yellowish plaque, fatty substance |
| atri/o | atrium, upper heart chamber |
| brachi/o | arm |
| cardi/o | heart |
| cholesterol/o | cholesterol (a lipid substance) |
| coron/o | heart |
| cyan/o | blue |
| myx/o | mucus |
| ox/o | oxygen |
| pericardi/o | pericardium |
| phleb/o | vein |
| rrhythm/o | rhythm |
| sphygm/o | pulse |
| steth/o | chest |
| thromb/o | clot |
| valvul/o | valve |
| valv/o | valve |
| vas/o | vessel |
| vascul/o | vessel |
| ven/o | vein |
| ven/i | vein |
| ventricul/o | ventricle, lower heart chamber |
| arrhythmias | Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias) |
| What 3 examples of arrhythmias does the book list? | bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block), flutter, and fibrillation. |
| bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block) | Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) |
| flutter | Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria |
| fibrillation | Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute). |
| congenital heart disease | Abnormalities in the heart at birth. |
| What are the 4 examples of congenital heart disease that the book lists? | coarctation of the aorta (CoA), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), septal defects, and tetralogy of Fallot. |
| coarctation of the aorta (CoA) | Narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta. |
| patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | Passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth. |
| septal defects | Small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects). |
| tetralogy of Fallot | Congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects. The four defects are: Pulmonary artery stenosis (Pulmonary artery is narrow or obstructed), Ventricular septal defect (Large hole between two ventricles lets venous blood pass from the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation), Shift of the aorta to the right (Aorta overrides the interventricular septum. Oxygen-poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the aorta), and Hypertrophy of the right ventricle (Myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery.) |
| congestive heart failure | Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood. |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart. |
| acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) | Unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries. |
| endocarditis | Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. |
| hypertensive heart disease | High blood pressure affecting the heart. |
| mitral valve prolapse (MVP) | Improper closure of the mitral valve. |
| murmur | Extra heart sound, heard between normal beats. |
| pericarditis | Inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart. |
| rheumatic heart disease | Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever. |
| aneurysm | Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall. |
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb. |
| hypertension (HTN) | High blood pressure |
| peripheral arterial disease (PAD) | Blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs. |
| Raynaud disease | Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes. |
| varicose veins | Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs. |
| angina (pectoris) | Chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. Stable angina occurs predictably with exertion; unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion. |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | Antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate. It prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke and death. |
| auscultation | Listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope. |
| beta-blocker | Drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. It blocks the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart. |
| biventricular pacemaker | Device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the hear heart. |
| bruit | Abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ. |
| calcium channel blocker | Drug used to treat angina and hypertension. It dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels. |
| cardiac arrest | Sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action; sudden cardiac death |
| cardiac tamponade | Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space. |
| claudication | Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest. |
| digoxin | Drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat. |
| infarction | Area of dead tissue |
| nitrates | Drugs used in the treatment of angina. They dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue. |
| nitroglycerin | Nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina |
| occlusion | Closure of a blood vessel due to blockage |
| palpitations | Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) |
| patent | Open |
| pericardial friction rub | Scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis. |
| petechiae | Small, pinpoint hemorrhages. |
| statins | Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream. |
| thrill | Vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery) |
| vegetations | Clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves. |
| BNP test | Measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood |
| cardiac biomakers | Chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack. |
| lipid tests (lipid profile) | Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample. |
| lipoprotein electrophoresis | Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample. |
| angiography | X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material. |
| computed tomography angiography (CTA) | Three-dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (CT) (64-slice CT scanner) |
| digital subtraction angiography (DSA) | Video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels |
| electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT) | Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD |
| Doppler ultrasound studies | Sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels. |
| echocardiography (ECHO) | Echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart. |
| positron emission tomography (PET) scan | Images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose. |
| technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan | Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in the cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning |
| thallium 201 scan | Concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle. |
| cardiac MRI | Images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field. |
| cardiac catheterization | Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery. |
| electrocardiography (ECG) | Recording of electricity flowing through the heart. |
| Holter monitoring | An ECG devise is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias |
| stress test | Exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart's response to physical exertion (stress). |
| catheter ablation | Brief delivery of radiofrequency or cryosurgery to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias. |
| coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) | Arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages. |
| defibrillation | Brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation). |
| endarterectomy | Surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery. |
| extracorporeal circulation | Heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired. |
| heart transplantation | A donor heart is transferred to a recipient |
| percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) | Balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place. |
| thrombolytic therapy | Drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis. |
| angiogram | record of a vessel |
| angioplasty | surgical repair of a blood vessel |
| aortic stenosis | narrowing pertaining to aorta |
| arteriosclerosis | hardening of the arteries |
| arterial anastomosis | new connection between two arteries |
| arteriography | process of recording arteries |
| endarterectomy | Surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery. |
| atheroma | COLLECTIONS OF PLAQUE THAT PROTRUDE INTO THE LUMEN (OPENING) OF AN ARTERY, WEAKENING THE MUSCLE LINING |
| atherosclerosis | the most common form of arteriosclerosis. Caused by the formation of yellowish plaques of chlolesterol on the inner walls of arteries. |
| atherectomy | the surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery |
| atrial | pertaining to the atrium |
| atrioventricular | pertaining to the atrium and ventricle |
| brachial artery | Artery that carries blood to the arm. |
| cardiomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the heart |
| cardiomyopathy | any disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function |
| hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | abnormal thickening of heart muscle, usually in the left ventricle. The ventricle has to work harder to pump blood. The condition may be inherited or develop over time because of high blood pressure or aging. Often the cause is unknown (idiopathic). |
| bradycardia | slow heart rate, usually below 60 beats per minute |
| tachycardia | abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute) |
| cardiogenic shock | Results from failure of the heart in its pumping action. Shock is circulatory failure associated with inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. |
| hypercholesterolemia | the presence of an abnormal amount of cholesterol in the cells and plasma of the blood |
| statins | Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it |
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