| Term | Definition |
|---|
| the two types of properties | physical and chemical |
| gas | particles are widely spread with no definite shape or volume |
| liquid | particles are closer together, definite volume but no definite shape |
| solid | particles are very close together, definite volume and definite shape |
| which states of matter are closely packed? | solids and liquids |
| physical property | observed without changing the composition or identity of a substance |
| what effect does cooling have on matter? | it reduces energy, eventually to the point that they move too slowly to bounce off of each other |
| chemical property | results in a change of composition and can be observed only through chemical reactions |
| intensive properties | a property of matter that is independent of the quantity of the substance |
| examples of intensive properties | density and specific gravity |
| extensive properties | a property of matter that depends on the quantity of the substance |
| examples of extensive properties | mass and volume |
| density = | mass / volume |
| the two classifications of matter | pure substance and mixture |
| pure substance | a substance that has only one component |
| mixture | a combination of two or more pure substances; each of the substances retains its own identity, so it is not undergoing a chemical reaction |
| the two types of pure substances | elements and compounds |
| element | a pure substance that is in its simplest form |
| compound | a substance resulting from two or more combined elements in a definite, reproducible way in a fixed ratio |
| the two types of mixtures | homogeneous and heterogeneous |
| homogeneous mixtures | mixtures that have uniform composition, particles well mixed, completely intermingled |
| heterogeneous mixtures | mixtures that do not have a uniform composition, and instead are randomly placed |
| what are alloys? | homogeneous solids (steel, gold jewelry, etc.) |
| significant digits | all non-zero digits (7.314), zeros between nonzero digits (70.05), zeros at the end of a number with a decimal point (300. or 4.70) |
| insignificant digits | trailing zeros without a decimal point (300) and zeros to the left of the first nonzero integer (0.0032) |
| rules for adding and substracting significant figures | the result in a calculation cannot have greater significance than the least known quantity that produced the result |
| when can the total number of sig. figs. increase during calculations? | addition |
| when can the number of sig. figs. decrease during calculations? | subtraction |
| rules for multiplication and division with significant figures | the answer cannot be more precise than the least precise number from which the answer is derived |
| rules for mixed operations | keep one unsignificant figure in the intermediate steps to reduce round off error |
| inexact numbers | have uncertainty by definition (measurements) |
| exact numbers | are a consequence of counting |
| types of uncertainty | error, accuracy, precision |
| types of error | random and systematic |
| random error | always exists when measuring but the magnitude and direction cannot be predicted |
| systematic error | is always in the same direction and magnitude |
| accuracy | the degree of agreement between true and measured values |
| precision | a measure of the agreement of replicate measurements |
| data | each piece is an individual result of a single measurement or observation |
| result | the outcome of the experiment |
| basic metric unit for mass | gram (g) |
| basic metric unit for length | meter (m) |
| basic metric unit for volume | liter (L) |
| nano | 10^-9 n |
| micro | 10^-6 "u" |
| milli | 10^-3 m |
| centi | 10^-2 c |
| deci | 10^-1 d |
| deka | 10^1 da |
| kilo | 10^3 k |
| mega | 10^6 M |
| 1 lb = x oz. | 16 |
| 1 ton = x lb. | 2,000 |
| 1 gal. = x qt. | 4 |
| 1 qt. = x pt. | 2 |
| 1 qt. = x fl. oz. | 32 |
| 1 lb. = x g | 454 |
| 1 kg = x lb. | 2.2 |
| 1 in. = x cm | 2.54 |
| 1 qt. = x L | .946 |
| 1 gal. = x L | 3.78 |
| experimental quantities | mass, weight, length, volume, time, temperature |
| mass | the quantity of matter of an object |
| weight | mass x acceleration due to gravity |
| 1 amu = x grams | 1.661 x 10^-24 |
| how do you measure the distance between two atoms? | nanometers |
| volume | the space occupied by an object |
| the liter is the volume that is: | occupied by 1000 grams of water at 4 degrees Celcius |
| 1cm^3 = x mL | 1 |
| the standard unit of time | seconds |
| temperature | the degree of hotness of an object |
| 0Celcius = x Kelvin | 273 |
| Convert celcius to fahrenheit | F = 1.8C + 32 |
| Convert fahrenheit to celcius | C = (F - 32) / 1.8 |
| the kelvin scale is directly related to | molecular motion |
| as molecular speed increase, | K proportionately increases |
| Convert celcius to kelvin | K = C + 273 |
| Convert kelvin to celcius | C = K - 273 |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| the two types of energy | kinetic and potential |
| kinetic energy | the energy of motion |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| the different forms that energy can take | light, heat, electrical, mechanical, chemical |
| if an object is at its lowest energy level, it is | inert |
| what has to happen for something at its lowest energy level to have potential energy again? | something has to do work to give it to it |
| characteristics of energy (4) | energy cannot be created or destroyed, can be converted from one form to another, energy conversion always occurs with less than 100% efficiency, all chemical reactions involve either a gain or a loss of energy |
| units of energy | calorie or Joule |
| 1 calorie = x joules | 4.184 |
| what is a food calorie? | kcal or Calorie |
| calorie | the amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree celcius |
| units of density | g/mL, g/cm^3, g/cc |
| density of water | 1 g/mL at 4 degrees celcius |
| does a substance become more or less dense as temperature rises? Why? | less dense because it expands |
| what is the approximate density of organic solvents? | .8 g/mL |
| specific gravity | the ratio of the density of the object in question to the density of pure water at 4 degrees celcius |
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