Human Development
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Created by:
SuziBirnbaum on March 26, 2012
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48 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 germinal stage | first two weeks of life, when one is a zygote. one goes through conception to implantation and formation of placenta |
| embryonic stage | 2 weeks- 2 months old. stage of development of embryo. formation of vital organs and systems |
| fetal stage | 2 months- birth. bodily growth continues, movement capability begins, and brain cells multiply |
| age of viability | age in which a fetus can (technically) live independently of the mother. around the 5th month |
| teratogens | substances that can produce birth defects ex: alcohol can result in fetal alcohol syndrome |
| infant reflex - sucking | put something in the baby's mouth and they will suck on it (more likely if they are hungry) |
| infant reflex - gripping | put something in the baby's hand and they will grab |
| infant reflex - rooting | (first 6 months) in order to get child to eat, you stroke the cheek and they open their mouth |
| infant reflex - startle | child opens arms wide when startled |
| infant reflex - swimming | child will model swimming like motions (salamander-like) likely evolutionary survival trait |
| infant reflex - gallant | when child is on stomach and one strokes it's back, the child will arch back |
| infant reflex - fencing | baby lies on back with one arm out, head facing in the outstretched arm's direction, and other arm bent |
| infant reflex - babinsky | when one strokes a baby's foot and the toes curl outward. if this continues on past 6 months, the child most likely has a neurological problem |
| secure attachment | baby is not totally freaked out by strangers but happy at return of the mother. these babies were most likely to succeed and have healthy relationships with others |
| anxious ambivolent attachment | when mother leaves the child screams and the baby doesn't interact with anyone. when mother returns, the baby is annoyed. babies were most likely to have bad relationships, fight easily and be bad in school |
| avoidant attachment | when mother leaves, baby doesn't care and doesn't want to be loved by anyone. babies were most likely to be reclusive, and antisocial |
| harry harlow's monkey research | found that bond between mother and child is about the comfort and nurturing from the mother. disproved Freud's theory that it was about mother providing food |
| authortarian parenting style | dictator-like over children "I am the ruler and I demand respect" children grew up to have a suppressed ego and dead-end job |
| permissive parenting style | want to be best friend to child and don't want to upset child too much. don't set rules. children grew up to be rule breakers and not able to follow directions |
| authoritative parenting style | parents set rules and lines but child has a say in their life. children grew up to be successful and initiative |
| psychosocial crises | determining balance between opposing polarities in personality |
| erik erikson - stage 1 | first year of life. (trust vs mistrust) if one can trust, then they will be trusting their whole lives and vise versa |
| erik erikson - stage 2 | 2 years old (autonomy vs shame) can i do things by myself or am i relying on others? if relying on others, child feels shame for rest of life |
| erik erikson - stage 3 | ages 3-6 (initiative vs guilt) do i have control over my own life? if i have control, am i being a good/bad person? can i make choices? |
| erik erikson - stage 4 | ages 6-puberty (industry vs inveriority) am i good at certain things? can i take pride in my accomplishments? if they don't feel so, they end up feeling inferior |
| erik erikson - stage 5 | adolescence (identity vs conclusion) who am i? how do i belong in this world? |
| erik erikson - stage 6 | early adulthood (intimacy vs isolation) do i have friends, a significant other, or some social network? |
| erik erikson - stage 7 | middle adulthood (generativity vs stagnation) am i productive member of society? am i producing for myself and my family? |
| erik erikson - stage 8 | late adulthood (integrity vs dispair) have a lived a good life? |
| assimilation | integrating new info into existing concept ex: a robing is a bird because it has wings |
| accomidation | change of a concept with new information |
| sensorimotor | (birth - 3 years old) learning senses, coordination and localizing pain develop |
| lack of object permenance | out of sight, out of mind for babies |
| preoperational | (3 - 8 years old) they focus on one part of something at a time |
| egocentrism | children see something only from their point of view ex: "the sky is blue because it's my favorite color" |
| animism | child attributes life to all things that can move ex: car is alive when it moves and nonliving when it stops. (they don't understand death. only living and nonliving) |
| preconventional moral reasoning | stage one (avoid punishment) stage two (gain rewards) |
| conventional moral reasoning | want acceptance by community. stage three (good girl/boy mentality) stage four (being in line with communal norms and following law) |
| post conventional moral reasoning | stage 5 (social contract) stage 6 (universal truths ex: right to life exceedes any business) |
| primary sex characteristics | developed sex characteristics that relate DIRECTLY to reproduction ex: sperm in males |
| secondary sex characteristics | developed sex characteristics that don't directly relate to reproduction ex: change in male voice, pubic hair, breast growth |
| maturation | early vs late. if girls are early, they are ostracized because boys aren't developed to be attracted yet. if boys develop late they're looked down upon |
| neural changes during puberty | increase of myelinization, synaptic pruning, and changes in prefontal cortex |
| foreclosure | (commitment, no challenge) one commits early to a role (usually prescribed by parents) they usually end up unhappy later in life |
| moratorium | (no commitment, challenge) constantly unsure of who they are |
| identity diffusion | (no commitment, no challenge) usually marked by apathy |
| identity acchievement | (challenge AND commitment) succesfully obtian sense of self |
| Kuebler - Ross's 5 stages of death | denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance |
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