1.
Alveoli: grape-like clusters of air space at end of bronchioles
2.
Book lungs: spiders, stack of thin membranes which air diffuses
3.
Bronchi, bronchioles: tubes leading to lungs, lined w/ciliated cells
4.
Carbonic anhydrase: produced by alveoli, converst carbonic acid to CO2 so diffusion can occur
5.
CO2 Transport: most trasported as bicarbonate ion, causes slightly acidic blood
6.
Complete v. Incomplete ventilations: complete involves separate passages for in-going and outgoing air, use air sacs and lungs, birds need it for high oxygen requirements
7.
Control of respiration rate: controllled by pons and medulla; as CO2 increases, pH drops, alerting chemoreceptors that signal to breathe
8.
Diffusion into alveoli: simple diffusion across concentration gradient
9.
Hyperventilation: occurs when body overreacts to high O2 level and over-constricts carotid artery
10.
Lobes: left lung has two lobes, right has three b/c of heart
11.
Lungs: cavity inside body for gas exchange, pleurae/pleural cavity--bag-like membrane that encloses lung
12.
Respiratory pigment: hemoglobin (4 irons), horseshoe crabs use hemocyanin w/copper
13.
Trachea: tube lines w/c-shaped hyanline cartilage to hold it open
14.
Tracheae: insects, chitin lined tubes w/spiracles on one end and moist tissue on other for diffusion of gases
15.
Type: direct w/environment: protists, sponges, flatworms, annelids, nematods, simple diffusion through skin
16.
Type: gills: increase surface area for gas exchange, molluscs, echinoderms, fish, countercurrent exchange