Endocrine System - CH 17
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43 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 autocrine | compounds that work on same cell type that releases or produces them (e.g. prostaglandin) |
| paracrine | produced by population of cells and works on different group of cells (e.g. somatostatin) |
| endocrine | released by gland and travels via blood stream (e.g. estrogen) |
| target tissue | group of cells that are worked on |
| ligands | general term for chemical signs |
| half-life | length of time it takes for half a dose of substance to be eliminated from the body; has clinical significance |
| long half life | usually lipid soluble and travel in plasma attached to proteins |
| short half life | water soluble hormones such as proteins |
| communication | interaction with target cell via a receptor type |
| how are hormones eliminated from the body? | excreted through the kidneys and conjugated by adding sulfate in the liver |
| water soluble hormones | cannot diffuse through membrane because they are too big; must have a membrane receptor |
| lipid soluble hormones | intracellular receptors turn on protein transcription |
| albumin | biggest carrier of lipid soluble hormones |
| all proteins from cholesterol are | lipid soluble |
| proteins | single amino acids or polypeptides |
| chronic hormone regulation | maintenance of relatively constant concentration of hormone |
| acute hormone regulation | epinephrine in response to stress |
| episodic (cyclic) hormone regulation | female reproductive hormones |
| most hormones controlled by | negative feedback systems |
| hormones are regulated by: | neurostimulus, humoral and hormonal stimuli |
| neurostimulus | action of a substance other than a hormone on an endocrine gland |
| humoral | neural control of endocrine gland; relationship between hypothalamus and post. pituitary gland |
| hormonal | control of secretory activity of one endocrine gland by hormone or neurohormone secreted by endocrine gland; relationship between ant. and post. pituitary and hypothalamus |
| trophic | stimulating the activity of another exocrine gland |
| negative feedback | major control mechanism |
| effect of target | produce negative feedback or effect/produce hormone itself |
| positive feedback | example is oxytocin in childbirth |
| secondary messenger system | creating a change at plasma membrane that turns on cellular machinery |
| binding site | portion of molecule where hormone binds |
| receptor site | if the molecule is a receptor the binding site is called |
| specific | hormone/receptor sites are |
| elicit a response by the target cell | purpose of binding to target tissue is |
| receptor molecules | ____________ are degraded and replaced on a regular basis |
| down-regulation | cell takes receptor intracellulary and breaks it down through phagocytosis; rate at which receptors are synthesized decreases in some cells after the cells are expose to a hormone |
| up-regulation | usually sensitization; increase number of receptors resulting in decrease of others |
| lipid soluble | ____________ bind to nuclear receptors and diffuse right into nucleus |
| water soluble hormones | ____________ bind to membrane bound receptors; change occurs at receptor site |
| intracellular receptor | hormones bind with __________ and receptor hormone complex activate certain genes which causes transcription of mRNA and translation |
| membrane-bound receptors | ____________ used by water-soluble receptors |
| intracellular mediators | ions or molecules that enter cell or are produced in cell |
| smooth muscle | G proteins that open Ca+ ion channels work primarily on _________ |
| insulin | ______ works by allowing glucose to be taken intracellularly and glucose then enters cell paired with Na+ |
| signal amplification | large response |
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