Chapter 12: Rise of Medieval Europe
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Mayors of the Palace | assisted the Do-Nothing Kings as kings neglected duties → power of the mayors increased |
| Do-Nothing Kings | they literally did NOTHING. successors of Clovis and were considered so because they were weak & quarrelsome |
| County | divisions of the empire in which each area was administered by counts who raised armies & administered laws within own territory |
| Missi Dominici | "Messengers of the Lord" traveled in pairs: one bishop & one noble visited counties where they held court, & checked local counts maintained law & order & reported to Charlemagne |
| Marks/Marches | defensive buffer districts located at the frontier areas of the empire absorbed, attacked. amd held back soldiers until reinforcements arrive enforced by Charlemagne |
| Trivium | one of Alcuin of York's divided sections of educations at the palace school subjects: grammar, logic, rhetoric |
| Quadrivium | one of Alcuin of York's divided sections of educations at the palace school subjects: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music |
| Carolingian Miniscule | modern form of writing upper & lower cased letters developed by scribes while they were copying manuscripts under the encouragement of Charlemagne |
| Treaty of Verdun | division of Charlemagne's empire into 3 parts, one for each of Louis the Pious's sons so that there is no civil war among the quarrelsome brothers Charles the Bald - present day France Lothiar - Lorraine: land from North Sea to central Italy Louis the German - present-day Germany |
| Feudalism | medieval political (social & economic) system developed in Europe when local nobles began to govern their own land in absence of strong central gov't medieval political system in which monarchs and lesser nobles made alliances based on exchanging land grants for loyalty |
| Precarium | something asked for and received by entreaty decline of Rome was the result of no law enforcement SM landowners sought protection for LG ones - Quid pro quo: SM gave legal ownership (of land) to LG landholders in return for protection - SM landowners received right to stay & farm on the land |
| Comitatus | Germanic tribal custom where the chief divided spoils of war with warriors in return for pledges of loyalty & military service |
| Beneficium | certain rights/lands granted in return for certain services when it became hereditary, the rights/lands granted became fief/feud |
| Lord | noble who granted land |
| Vassal | noble who received land |
| Fief | grant of land |
| Primogeniture | oldest son that inherits all of the fief |
| Dominium Eminens | legal ownership of the land from lord to his oldest son |
| Dominium Utile | legal possession of the land from vassal to his oldest son |
| Subinfeudation | aka sublet parceling out land by vassal to other nobles |
| Homage | when the vassal becomes the lord's "man" |
| Fealty | oath of loyalty from vassal to lord |
| Investiture | ceremony in which fief is granted |
| Scutage | "Alternative service" service given other than military service by vassal to lord |
| Hospitality | the vassal had to offer to the lord in return for the land grant friendly reception and treatment of guests - up to 9 days a year - no more than 3 days visit at a time |
| Page | son of the noble that was placed in the care of his father's lord or with another noble at 7 yrs old - learned riding, fighting, caring for armor & weapons - had difficult training & self-discipline - learned court etiquette by waiting on ladies/tables |
| Squire | one of the stages of training for knighthood at age 15: - continued training in warfare - waited on lord & lady - studied music & poetry |
| Knight of the Bath | part of the ritual to become a knight: evening before: took a bath to cleanse themselves of dirt and wash away their childhood morning of: sword was blessed ceremony: dubbed by noble as a young knight with this title - washed away their childhood meaning that they are a man? |
| Knight of the Sword | squire could become this after gallantly fought battle the noble/lord would dub them this title in the middle of the battlefield before sending him off the fight again |
| Moat | ditch constructed to prevent entry except across drawbridge |
| Portcullis | iron gate to keep people out |
| Keep | donjonne tower that contained storerooms, barracks, workshops, and the lord's living quarters ← at the highest point & most comfortable room |
| Great Hall | place within the castle where the lord held "court" and received visitors |
| Chivalry | code of ethics describing characteristics of ideal knight and conduct expected: loyalty, courage, gallantry, honor, and courtesy many knights failed to use it completely; only used when it was convenient |
| Manor | heart of medieval economy, the lord's estate usu. 350-5,000 acres ______ism developed as the towns/cities declined Lord would provide protection & provisions needed and through work, peasants would contribute the Lord's wealth |
| Demesne | land on which manor house is located and included barns, stables, mills, bake/cook houses |
| Fallow | uncultivated; plowed and left unseeded for a season or more; not in use/inactive |
| Clovis | founder of Merovingian dynasty ← named after Frankish warrior king ruled from 481 - 511 AD brilliant yet ruthless ruler (he had to be/do what he had to) built his empire from the Pyrenees Mountains to central Europe defeated Visigoths & Alamani following battle: he with 3000 warriors + families converted to Roman Catholicism purpose: - Germanic tribes were Arians - won support of Roman Catholic Church - strengthened Roman Catholic Church in Europe - Church + ____ used Arianism as heretics for conquest of other Germanic tribes died 511 AD and ended Frankish custom |
| Clothilde | Roman Catholic wife of Clovis to which he and 3000 warriors + families converted to Roman Catholicism |
| Pepin II | a Mayor of the Palace who cooperated with the Church by supporting the papal missionaries and made the office of the mayor hereditary |
| Charles Martel | "Charles the Hammer" served a term as mayor 714-741 AD (numbers flipped ;)) led the Battle of Tours, halted the Muslim advance in Europe saved northern Europe for Christianity - ensured that Christianity was the dominate religion |
| Pepin III (the Short) | son of Charles Martel who appealed the Pope Zacharias was made king after the Frankish nobles seized the throne - crowned by Pope Stephen III in France with the title "Rex dei Gratia" or "King by the Grace of God" - anointed with holy oil & made a divinely chosen ruler in the eyes of the ppl took an army to Italy & defeated Lombards - Donation of _____- gave the conquered land to the pope/Church - Donation of _____→ Papal States - lands divided and controlled by the Roman Catholic Church up to the 19th Cent. |
| Charlemagne | son of Pepin III many names: - English: Charles the Great - Latin: Carolus Magnus - German: Karl der Grosse built an empire that stretched from northern Spain to Central Europe allied closely with the Church - Dec. 25, 800AD - Pope Leo III crowned him "Emperor of the Romans" - signified unifty of Church & States - illustrated power struggle as well: Church could claim sovereignty over State divided empire into counties, each administered by counts - raised armies & administered laws within their own territory sent Missi Dominici to look over the counts Marks/Marches made the capital city Aachen Carolingian renaissance: promoted education: supported monastic/cathedral schools, palace school - brought scholars to court in Aachen founded abbeys & encouraged copying manuscripts to different languages |
| Pope Leo III | pope who crowned Charlemagne "Emperor of the Romans" on December 25, 800AD signified the cooperation between Church & State also illustrated the power struggle between the two - Church could claim sovereignty over the State |
| Einhard | Charlemagne's biographer |
| Alcuin of York (England) | most famous scholar who divided education at the palace school into Trivium: grammar, logic, rhetoric Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music |
| Louis the Pious | son of Charlemagne more interested in religion more than the government affairs lost support of the nobles and clergy died in 840 AD |
| Charles the Bald | - one of Louis the Pious's sons who quarreled with his other brothers Treaty of Verdun - agreed to control part of the Empire of what is present day France |
| Lothair | one of Louis the Pious's sons who quarreled with his other brothers Treaty of Verdun - agreed to control the middle part of the Empire that is stretches from the land of the North Sea to central Italy - land aka as Lorraine |
| Louis the German | one of Louis the Pious's sons who quarreled with his other brothers Treaty of Verdun - agreed to control part of the Empire of what is present day Germany |
| Eurasia | name of the area when Europe and Asia are combined into one term relatively small |
| Tours | located on the Loire River in modern-day France in western Europe |
| Papal States | the conquered land that Pepin III gave tot he pope who then divided it and has been controlled by Roman Catholic Church up until the 19th century |
| Aachen | Aix la Chapelle capital city under Charlemagne's rule its in modern day France in northern Europe |
| Lotharii Regnum | Latin for "kingdom (once) Lothair's" Lorraine - as a result of the Treaty of Verdun, is was a territory that was controlled by Lorraine |
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