Nervous Control
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Created by:
vinniesbaby69 on March 27, 2012
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75 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Central Nervous System | includes the brain and spinal chord, integrates new info and determines a response |
| Peripheral Nervous System | afferent and efferent neurons, effectors |
| Afferent Division | sensory, inform CNS of changes |
| Efferent Division | motor, transmits decisions to effector. Includes the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems |
| Somatic Nervous System | concerned with changes in the external environment, part of the efferent division |
| Autonomic Nervous System | regulates internal environment, part of the efferent division. Includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | part of the autonomic nervous system, digestion and elimination. Efferent pathways |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | part of the autonomic nervous system, fight or flight. Efferent pathway |
| Effector | carries out a response |
| Neurons | specialized to recieve and transmit impulses |
| Dendrites | recieves information |
| Cell Body | contains bulk of cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles |
| Axons | carries information |
| Axoplasm | cytoplasm in the axon |
| Axolemma | membrane around the axon |
| Telodendria | like dendrites only at the end of neuron |
| Synaptic Knobs | enlarged ends of the neuron |
| Afferent Neurons | Sensory, carries info towards the CNS |
| Association Neurons | interneurons, found in the CNS and allows us to "think" |
| Efferent Neurons | motor, carries info away from the CNS to an effector. Cell body of these cells are found in the CNS |
| Multipolar Neurons | one axon, many dendrites, motor(efferent) and association neurons |
| Bipolar Neurons | one axon, one dendrite, sense organs: eyes, nose, mouth, ears |
| Unipolar Neurons | one axon, no dendrites, sensory neuron |
| Neuroglia Cells | more abundant than neurons, protective |
| Astrocytes | cover blood vessels, neurons, pia mater. Form the blood brain barrier, must be lipid soluble to pass thru and can cover more than one axon |
| Ependymal | line the ventricles of brain and spinal chord, have cilia, circulate fluid |
| Choroid Plexuses | specialized ependymal cell, produce CSF(cerebralspinal fluid) and circulate fluid |
| Microglia | in the CNS, more when injured, garbage collectors |
| Oligodendrocytes | form myelinated sheaths in the CNS, can cover more than one axon |
| Schwann Cells | form myelinated sheaths in the PNS, the inner sheath |
| Myelin Sheath | white, fatty insulater, both in the CNS and PNS, closest to the axon |
| Cellular Sheath | outer sheath, PNS ONLY, creates a regrowth pathway for broken axons |
| Unmyelinated Axons | invaginations of the oligodendrocytes and schwann cells. Primary in the ANS |
| Myelinated Axons | node to node, faster |
| Nodes of Ranvier | unmyelinated axon spaces |
| Axon Hillock | enlarged area where aon arises and impulses may be added together to reach threshold |
| Collaterals | branches off of an axon |
| Hydrocephaly | blockage of the CSF causes the ventricles to expand and crush brain tissue |
| Multiple Sclerosis | pathes of myelin deterioration, replaced by scar tissue, interferes with neural impulses |
| Autoimmune disorder | own immune system attacks you |
| White Matter | sends the message, propogates action potentials, sends |
| Nerve Tracts | white matter in the CNS, brain to brain/spinal chord |
| Nerves | bunch of neural axons and their sheaths in the PNS, gray matter |
| Gray Matter | nerves in the PNS, decides, no myelin, sight of integration, association neurons mostly, outer layer of the cerebrum and cerebellum |
| Endoneurium | surrounds axons and its schwann cells, delicate connective tissue |
| Perineurium | surrounds groups of axons, heavy connective tissue, forms nerve fascicles |
| Nerve Fascicles | bundle of axons and their sheaths, make up a nerve |
| Epineurium | binds the nerve fascicles together to form a nerve |
| Cerebral Cortex | outer layer of gray matter covering the brain |
| Nuclei | other masses of gray matter in the brain |
| Ganglia | neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS, in the PNS |
| Potential Energy | represented when the inside of the cell is more negative than the outside |
| Polarized | inside of the cell is more negative than the outside |
| Nongate/Leak Channels | always open, responsible for permeability, specific |
| Gated Ion Channels | ligand-gated and voltage-gated |
| Ligand-Gated Ion Channel | open or close in response to ligand (chemical) binding to receptor |
| Voltage-Gated Ion Channel | open or clsoe in response to small voltage changes |
| Depolarization | Na+ diffuses into the cell due to a change in the membrane potential, failure to keep Na+ out |
| Local Potential | signal that does not reach threshold and no impulse is sent |
| Threshold | the point of depolarization that must be reached to generate an action potential, -55mV |
| Repolarization | K+ flows out of the cell, making the inside more negative again to return to resting membrane potential |
| After Potential | when Na+/K+ Pumps start to work, repolarization taken too far because the K+ pumps work more slowly, greater concentration of K+ outside and Na+ inside the cell |
| Subthreshold | any stimulus weaker than threshold |
| Hyperpolarization | only after an action potential occurs, where an after potential is located, increased membrane permeability to K+ |
| Absolute Refractory Period | when the cell is de/repolarized, neuron cannot recieve another stimulus during this period |
| Relative Refractory Period | during hyperpolarization, stimulus must be strong/er to reach threshold |
| Inhibitory Stimuli | moves us away from threshold, makes the inside more negative |
| Receptors | determine whether a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory, show a high degree of specificity |
| Summation | add up all the local potentials to try and reach threshold, spatial and temporal |
| Spatial Summation | two action potentials arrive at the same time at two different neurons with the same post-synaptic neuron |
| Temporal Summation | Two action potentials arrive in very close succession in a single neuron, second impulse would have to hit during the relative refractory period |
| Electrical Transmission | two way excitatory, not likely, in CNS, due to protein channels and no neurotransmitters |
| Chemical Transmission | impulses by neurotransmitters |
| EPSP | excitatory postsynaptice potential, local depolarization |
| IPSP | inhibitory postsynaptic potential, local hyperpolarization |
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