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scientific method steps Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Predictions, Testing, Results, Conclusion observation careful observation of natural phenomena; "Studies suggest that consuming saturated fat causes hear disease." question "Does consuming saturated fat cause heart disease?" hypothesis an educated guess of what might be true, multiple hypothesis are called alternative hypothesis; statement; "Consuming saturated fat causes heart disease." predictions if a hypothesis is correct, then specific consequences can be expected; "If a mouse consumes saturated fat, then the would be more susceptible to heart disease testing experiments conducted to attempt to verify predictions made by hypotheses; Experimental group receives saturated fat, control group does not; independent variable is the saturated fat, dependent variable is heart disease results bar graphs conclusion dats plots; a hypothesis that has been tested and not rejected is tentatively accepted independent variable a variable that can be changed dependent variable a variable that cannot be change, or outcome that cannot be changed mass weight volume length x width x height density mass divided by volume density unit grams/cm3 diameter of field viewable area observed when looking through a microscope; the smallest area is seen with the greatest total magnification total magnification ocular lens X objective lens ocular lens eye piece lens; has 10x magnification neck or arm where you hold the microscope nosepiece ring that rotates objective lenses stage platform on which a specimen is placed objective lens set of 4 magnifying lenses attached to nosepiece; has 5x, 10x, 40x, and 100x condenser focuses light on the object being observed iris diaphragm allow you to adjust the amount of light into the lens system light source the origin of light for the microscope coarse focus moves the slide to get the image in general focus fine focus Makes small adjustments to the focus voltage knob regulates the light intensity objective lens magnification 5x, 10x, 40x and 100x enzymes a protein that lowers the energy of activation activation energy energy that must be overcome in order to perform a chemical reaction catalese enzyme found in the liver that removes hydrogen peroxide from the body How does catalese remove H2O2 from the body? The catalese interacts with the H2O2 and removes oxygen therefore creating water hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water and dissolve easily in it (these molecules are also polar and can form hydrogen bonds hydrophobic molecules are repelled by water and do not dissolve (these molecules are nonpolar and do not form hydrogen bonds) logarithmic the pH scale is ____. this means that a change of 1 unit on the pH scale represents a ten fold change on the number of hydrogen/hydroxide ions pH the amount of hydrogen (H+) measured in a solution pH scale a range of values that are used to express the acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a system; each whole number on the scale indicates a tenfold change in acidity; a pH of 7 is neutral, a pH of less than 7 is acidic (more H+), and a pH of greater than 7 is basic (more OH-) acid any substance that dissociates in water and increases the H+ base and substance that combines with H+ when dissolved in water buffers a chemical substance that takes up or releases H+ in order to minimize oH disturbances organic molecules -proteins -carbohydrates -lipids 3 carbohydrates monosaccarides, disaccarides and polysaccarides Example of each type of carbohydrate monosaccaride-fructose, disaccaride-sucrose and polysaccaride-starch Reagent for each organic molecule simple carbohydrates-Benedict, complex carbohydrates-iodine, lipids-paper spot test and sudan IV, proteins-Biuret