DNA and Genetics
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Created by:
blueeyedwonder96121 on March 28, 2012
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 heredity | is the passing on of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction |
| genes | are sequences of DNA that contain a code of instructions for a specific trait -a human cell contains many thousands of different genes, located on chromosomes, in its nucleus |
| human traits | -the traits inherited by an individual can be determined from one pare of genes or by several pairs of genes -some gene pairs can influence more than just one trait -some traits are observable, while others are not (examples: hair or eye color, ability to produce insulin, or types of receptors on cell membranes) |
| asexual reproduction | share all genes from one parent (identical/clones) |
| sexual reproduction | contain half their genetic code from one parent and half from the other, making them similar but NOT identical |
| genetic recombination | allows for offspring with high variation |
| DNA molecules | contain the genetic code for all organisms |
| DNA | is an organic molecule made of many small subunits called nucleotides (monomers) -double helix molecule |
| each subunit contains... | a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
| 4 nitrogenous bases | A,T,G and C (Adrenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytostine) A and T, G and C -sequence of bases in a DNA molecule forms a coded message |
| DNA must be able to... | replicate or copy, its coded instructions |
| DNA bases are held by... | weak hydrogen bonds with may be broken to split into DNA into two single strands |
| single stranded DNA becomes... | a template for a new DNA molecule to be made |
| new DNA molecules are made by... | attaching matching base pairs of DNA to each template |
| replication produces... | two identical copies of the cell's genetic information |
| after DNA is replicated.. | the cell divides to form two offspring cells, or daughter cells, each containing identical copies of DNA (mitosis) |
| mRNA | single stranded, contains U instead of T, for uracil |
| protein synthesis | to build |
| proteins | -carry out most of the cells -can be enzymes, hormones, antibodies, or make up parts of cell organelles -the DNA code of gene is read in the nucleus and a messenger molecule is created (messenger RNA) -the message travels to a ribosome in the cytoplasm |
| transfer molecules | move specific amino acids to the ribosome, which are strung together to make a protein (transfer RNA) |
| the order of amino acids is determined by the DNA code | amino acids -> shape -> function |
| mutation | an alteration in a sequence of DNA -change the normal message carried by the gene, causing a defect - they are random -affect the synthesis of proteins, which causes malfunctions in the cell. EX.) sickle cell anemia is caused by a substitution in the cell -can cause cell death |
| mutations are due to... | insertion, detection, or substitution |
| if a cell survives a mutation... | the changed instructions will be passed on to all cells coming from in |
| for mutations to be inherited by offspring (sexual reproduction)... | they can only be in sex cells, only sex mutations in sex cells can be inherited |
| transcription | going from DNA to mRNA |
| translation | going from mRNA to protein |
| gene expression | -every body cell contains a complete set of identical genetic instructions -cells have selective activation of only the genes necessary for that cell - the environment can also affect the expression of genes |
| genetic engineering | a new technology used to alter the genetic instructions of organisms |
| biotechnology | applying technology to biology, has been around for thousands of years |
| types of genetic engineering | selective breeding and gene manipulation |
| selective breeding | producing domestic animals and new variations of plants with desirable traits -animals are breed to contain less fat -fruits to be larger, sweeter, and longer lasting |
| gene manipulation | organisms have been genetically engineered to possess certain traits Examples: -flowers resistant to bugs -bacteria that feed on chemicals in oil spills -bacteria that produce HGH and insulin -plants resistant to herbicides |
| how does gene manipulation happen? | special enzymes (restriction enzymes) cut DNA at specific sequences, which allows the DNA to be spliced or inserted, into a new organism -organisms will make proteins that express the new trait, and pass it on to their offspring |
| gel electrophoresis | technique used to separate DNA |
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