Data

Copy and paste the text below. It is read-only. Select All

attention focusing awareness on something (narrowed range of stimuli or events) memory deals with the amount of attention you pay something structural encoding shallow processing, emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus; ex: you can picture where the info is on the page but don't know what it actually said phonemic encoding emphasizes what a word sounds like semantic encoding emphasizes the meaning of verbal input, involves thinking about the objects and actions the words represent encoding forming a memory code storage maintaining encoded information in memory over time retrieval recovering information from memory stores levels of processing theory deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes elaboration linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding (ex: thinking of examples) dual-coding theory memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall sensory memory memory that preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second; fairly large capacity short-term memory limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds rehearsal process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information chunk group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit; way to remember well long-term memory unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time; permanent storage flashbulb memories unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events, cited to support theory that LTM is permanent schema organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event semantic network consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts connectionist models aka parallel distributed processing; assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks tip of the tongue phenomenon temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach misinformation effect when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information source monitoring process of making inferences about the origins of memories source-monitoring error when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source retention refers to the proportion of material retained/remembered recall measure requires participants to reproduce information on their own without any cues recognition measure requires participants to select previously learned information from an array of options relearning measure requires a participant to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before decay theory theory that proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time interference theory theory that proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material retroactive interference when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information proactive interference when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information encoding specificity principle value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code repression Freudian theory: keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious retrograde amnesia when a person loses memories for events that occurred prior to the brain injury anterograde amnesia when a person loses memories for events that occur after the brain injury consolidation hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory (medial temporal lobe) declarative memory system memory system that handles factual information nondeclarative memory system memory system that houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memories episodic memory system portion of declarative memory system that is made up of chronological recollections of personal experiences semantic memory system portion of declarative memory system that is made up of general knowledge not tied to the time when it was learned prospective memory involves remembering to perform actions in the future retrospective memory involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information self-referent relating information to your personal life in order to better remember it working memory other functions of short-term memory: visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, ability to manipulate attention, episodic buffer/workbench reinstating context going back to the original environment can help you remember