| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Hypothesis | a tentative theory about the natural world |
| Theory | a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
| Law | a generalization that describes recurring facts or events in nature |
| Concepts of Biology | cell theory, moelcular basis inheritance, evolutionary conservation, evolutionary change |
| Four Rules of Roberts | Evolution, Homeostasis, osmosis, conformation |
| Atoms | consits of dense, postively charged nucleus, which is surrounded by 1 or more negatively charged electrons |
| Nucleus | 1 or more protons, with one or more neutrons |
| Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) (dalton) | mass of a proton serves as a standard unit of measure |
| Element | pure substance that contains only one kind of atom |
| Hydrogen | has no neutron (1 proton, 1 electron) |
| Oxygen | 8 protons, 8 neutrons, 8 electrons |
| Protons | weight and charge |
| Neutron | weight |
| Electron | charge |
| Gang of Six | Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen |
| Sulfur | amino acids |
| Phosphorus | nucleotides |
| Oxygen | H20, C02 |
| Nitrogen | nucleotides, amino acids |
| Carbon | carbohydrates |
| Hydrogen | H20, H+ (pH, ATP formation) |
| Atomic Number | different number of protons |
| Mass Number | sum of protons and neutrons in its nucleus |
| Isotopes | different number of neutrons |
| Atomic Weight | average of the mass numbers of a represenative sample of atoms of the element |
| Radioisotopes | gives off energy in forms of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation from the atmoic nucleus |
| Electron shells | a specific sequence within the orbital (energy levels) |
| 1st shell | 1 orbital (2 electrons) |
| 2nd Shell | 4 orbitals (8 electrons) |
| Valence Shell | outer most shell |
| Oxidation | loss of electrons |
| Reduction | gain of electrons |
| Octet Rule | it takes 8 electrons to be stable |
| Covalent | sharing of electrons on the valence shell |
| Polar | unequal sharing |
| non-polar | equal sharing |
| Water | formed from covalent bonding between hydrogen and oxygen |
| Specific heat | the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperateure of 1 gram by 1 degree |
| Heat vaporization | alot of heat is required to change water from its liquig to gas |
| Cohesion | the ability of water molecules to stick to other molecules |
| solution | produced when a substance (solute) is dissolved in a liquid (solvent) |
| mole | the amount of a substance (grams); the mass of which numerically molecular weight |
| Avogadro's Number | 6.02x10^23 molecules per mole |
| pH value | -log[H+] |
| Buffers | mixtures of weak acids and bases that limit the change in the pH of a solution when acids or bases are added, maintains homeostatsis |
| Hydroxl group | polar and attracts water molecules |
| Keto group | highly electronegative and can attract the hydrogen atom held by another electronegative atom forming a hydrogen bond |
| Carboxl | aldehydes (-als) at the end of molecule |
| condensation | polymers are constructed from monomers by a series of reaction (loss of water) aka dehydration synthesis |
| hydrolysis | breaking of water bonds, digest polymers and produce monomers |
| functions of proteins | support, protection, catalysis, transport, defense, regulation and movement |
| Amino Acids | monomers of proteins, amine, carboxyl, central carbon, hydrogen, R (Residue) |
| peptide bond | covalentl linked amino acids into polypeptide chains |
| secondary strucutre | regular, repeated spatial patterns in the polypeptide chain (hydrogen) |
| alpha helix | right handed coil that flows in the same direction of a wood screw |
| beta pleated sheet | two or more polypetide chains that are extended and ligned |
| Teriary structure | polypeptide chain is bent at specific sites and then folded back and fourth results in a macromolecule with a definite 3-D shape, allows multiple chains to interact |
| Quaternary structure | results from the way the subunits bind together and interact (insulin) |
| peptide bonds, disulfide bonds, ionic bond, hydrophobic bonds, hydrogen bonds | What factors affect protein conformation? |
| Ligands | specific shape and structure of protein allows it to bind non-covalently to other molecules |
| Denaturation | heat, alterations in pH, or certain chemicals, inolves the loss the of tertiary and/or secondary structure |
| Chaperonins | assit protein folding by preventing binding to inaapropriate ligands |
| Carbohydrates | contain carbon bonded to hydrogen and oxygen atoms (1:2:1) |
| Monosaccarides | monomers of carbohydrates |
| glycosidic linkages | covalently link monosaccachrides into larger units |
| cellulose | stable glucose polymer |
| triglyercides | composed of three fatty acids covalently bonded to a molecule of glyercol by ester linkages |
| Saturated fatty acids | hydrocarbo chain with no double bonds |
| unsaturated fatty acids | one or more double hydrocarbon bonds that bend the chain |
| hydrophillic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water hating |
| nuclei aicds | information storage (DNA&RNA) |
| nucleotide | sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base |
| nucleotide bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine |
Combine with other sets
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