Mammalogy Lab Practical #2
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Created by:
jmloverich8 on March 30, 2012
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144 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Hystricomorpha: | Large infraorbital canal for masseter that originates on rostrum |
| Myomorpha: | Slit-like infraorbital canal for masseter that originates of rostrum |
| Sciuromorpha: | No infraorbital canal masseter originates on anterior plate/fossa of zygoma |
| Sciurognathus: | Flat-sided dentary with obvious coronoid process |
| Hystricognathus: | Flared out dentary with reduced coronoid process |
| Lower Primates | Strepsirhini |
| Strepsirhini Orders | 1) Daubentoniidae, 2) Lemuridae, 3) Galagonidae, 4) Loridae |
| Higher Primates | Haplorhini |
| Haplorhini Orders | 1) Tarsiidae, 2) Calltrichidae, 3) Cebidae, 4) Cercopithecidae, 5) Hylobatidae, 6) Hominidae |
| Lemuridae | Restricted to Madagascar, Long rostrum, orbits directed to side, elongate braincase |
| Daubentoniidae | Narrow rostrum, chisel-like teeth, thin probing digit to pull grubs out of trees, Madagascar |
| Loridae | Orbits are large and forward, temporal ridges, Asia and Africa |
| Galagonidae | Orbits directed to side, no temporal ridges, sagittal crest, Africa |
| Tarsiidae | Huge eyes, expanded tips (pads) on digits, elongate hindlimbs, 5 cheek teeth, Indonesia & Borneo |
| Calltrichidae | Marmosets & tamarins, small skulls, 5 cheek teeth, South America |
| Cebidae | New World Monkeys, Six cheek teeth, molars with hollowed groove running down middle, most with prehensile tails, C & S. Am |
| Cercopithecidae | Old world monkeys, long rostrum/canines, lower 1st premolar sharp angle, 4 cusped molars, Africa & Asia |
| Hylobatidae | Long arms, no tail, short rostrum, round brain case, skull small for hominid, long canines, last low molar w/extra cusp, SE Asia |
| Hominidae | Great apes and humans, easiest to recognize, Africa(Pan & Gorilla), SE Asia (Pongo), Homo |
| Post-orbital bar and comb-incisors | Strepsirhini |
| Post-orbital plate | Haplorhini |
| Elongated rostrum and brain case | Lemuridae |
| Flatter rostrums | Galagonidae/Loridae |
| 6 cheek teeth | Cebidae |
| 5 cheek teeth | Callitrichidae/Cercopithecidae |
| No angled 1st premolar | Callitrichidae |
| Angled 1st premolar on lower jaw | Cercopithecidae |
| Frugivores and brain size | Large brain and large home range |
| Folivores and brain size | Small brain and small home range |
| Temporal ridges/eyes directed forward | Loridae |
| Sagital crest well developed | Galagonidae |
| Pinnipeds | Odobenidae, Otariidae, Phocidae |
| Fissipeds | Canidae, Felidae, Ursidae, Procyonidae, Mustelidae, Mephitidae, Viverridae, Herpestidae, Hyaenidae |
| Odobenidae | Walrus, homodont, canines = tusks, Arctic |
| Otariidae | Sea lions, homodont, postorbital process large, hind limbs under body, small pinnae, pelt uniform, N. Am./S. Am./Asia/Austrailia |
| Phocidae | True seals, Homodont, absent postorbital process, hind limbs point posterior, pinnae absent, pelt spotted/ringed, worldwide |
| Canidae | Dogs, Long rostrum, Big carnassials w/crushing post-carnassials, 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 2/3, N./S. America, Eurasia |
| Ursidae | Bears, Long rostrum, small orbits, non-shearing carnassials, molars flattened, 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 2/3, N./S. America & Eurasia |
| Procyonidae | Racoons, long rostrum, premolars not reduced, molars square, bunodont 3/3, 1/1, 3/3, 1/2, worldwide except Australia |
| Mustelidae | Weasels/badgers, Short rostrum/long braincase, barbel-shaped upper molar, palate stops farther back |
| Mephitidae | Skunks, short rostrum/long braincase, barbel-shaped molar, palate stops w/last molar, Nearctic & Neotropical |
| Viverridae | Civets/Genets, long braincase/short rostrum, large premolars, 2molars wider than long, 3/3 1/1 3/4 2/2, Africa/Asia/Europe |
| Herpestidae | Mongooses & Meerkats, Africa & Asia, very similar to viverrids |
| Hyaenidae | Hyenas, large skull, enlarged carnassials, crushing molars, 2nd lower cheek tooth larger than last lower cheek tooth, 3/3 1/1 4/3 1/1, Africa and India |
| Felidae | Cats, Short rostrum, large orbits, carnassials large, tooth number reduced, tiny last upper molar, lower cheek teeth in back largest, 3/3 1/1 3/2 1/1, Worldwide ex. Australia |
| The larger the slicing pair of carnassials... | ...the higher percentage of meat in diet |
| Aardwolf | Hyaenidae |
| African lion and Leopard | Felidae |
| sea otter | Enhydra lutris (Mustelidae) |
| Wolverine | Mustelidae |
| Genet | Viverridae |
| Mongoose | Herpestidae |
| Badger characteristics | large nuchal crest/ right angled upper molar |
| Who has Os penis (baculum)? | Primates, rodents, insectivores, carnivores, chiroptera |
| Homodonty of cheek teeth | Piscivorous |
| Otariidae, phosidae, mustelidae, odobenidae | Member of this family eat fish |
| Wide grinding flat molars | Herbivorous |
| Ursidae, procyonidae, mustelidae | Herbivorous families |
| Massively reduced cheek teeth | Eat soft-bodied insects |
| Hyaenidae | family that eats soft-boded insects |
| Wide flat molars for grinding | Omnivorous |
| Ursidae/procyonidae | families that are omnivorous |
| carnassial pair huge slicing, reduced cheek teeth | Carnivorous |
| felidae, viverridae, hyaenidae, canidae | Families that have truly carnivorous members |
| Ursidae skull | large w/large canine, flat grinding molars |
| Ursus americanus skull | last molar widest in middle |
| Ursus arctos skull | last molar widest at anterior end |
| Procyonidae skull | cheek teeth flattened for grinding |
| Procyon lotor skull | palate extends posterior to cheektooth row |
| Bassariscus astutus skull | sheering teeth, palate ends where cheek teeth end |
| Nasua nasua skull | blade-like canines |
| Felidae skull | short rostrum/large orbits/reduced cheek teeth #, SHEARING |
| Lynx rufus skull | 3 post-canine cheekteeth |
| Puma concolr skull | larger size, 4 post-canine cheekteeth |
| Hyaenidae skull | massive premolar and molar |
| Viverridae skull | confused with mustelids/ringtails, CONSTRICTED bullae |
| Otariidae skull | post-orbital process and HOMODONTY |
| Phocidae skull | No-postorbital process and HOMODONTY |
| Canidae skull | long/narrow rostrum with shearing cheekteeth and grinding |
| FOXES skull | postorbital process thin w/ concave fossa, |
| Vulpes spp. skull | round braincase, not temporal ridges |
| Urocyon cinereoargenteus skull | lyre-shaped temporal ridge, notch in lower mandible |
| COYOTES/DOGS skull | Postorbital process thick and convex |
| Canis latrans skull | narrow rostrum and small size |
| Canis lupus skull | broader rostrum, larger skull |
| Mustelidae skull | short rostrum, long braincase, last molar wider than long |
| Taxidae taxus skull | triangle braincase, triangular last molar |
| Mustela frenata skull | small, elongate braincase, last molar dumbell |
| Lontra canadensis skull | flat skull profile, jaw locked into cranium |
| Mephitidae skull | palate ends even with cheektooth row |
| Mephitis mephitis skull | round cranium, nasals not shortened |
| Conepatus skull | nasals end above canine slanting to incisors, 3 cheekteeth |
| Spilogale skull | flat skull, highest in rear |
| Leporidae skull | supraorbital shield |
| Sylvilagus skull | Interparietal bone |
| What genera have atricial/prococial young? | Lepus and Sylvilagus |
| Lepus (rabbit or hare?) | Rabbit |
| Sylvilagus (rabbit or hare?) | Hare |
| Ocotonidae | Pika - 5 cheek teeth, no supraorbital shield Round ears/no tail High mtns - Rockies/Sierras of N.A. |
| Leporidae | Rabbits/Hares - 6 cheek teeth supraorbital shield long ears/small tail 2 N.A. genera - lepus and Sylvilagus |
| Lepus skull | interparietal fused to parietal long legs/ears young born precocial |
| Sylvilagus skull | Interparietal not fused to parietal ears/legs shorter young born atricial |
| Long paraoccipital process | Myocastoridae |
| incisor smooth, large skull | Erethizontidae |
| incisor grooved, small skull | Dipodidae |
| long bony tubes of tympanum "fudgesickle" lophs on molars | Aplodontidae |
| skull large post-orbital process small, sciuromorphous | Castoridae |
| Postorbital process present/pointed pi-shaped ectolophs | Sciuridae |
| Infraorbital foramen large Auditory bullae inflated | Heteromyidae |
| Infraorbital foramen small auditory bullae not inflated tail short/small eyes | Geomyidae |
| Infraorbital foramen long vertical slit | Muridae (myomorphous) |
| Most diverse rodent family | Muridae |
| Muridae subfamilies | Murinae (old world) Microtinae (voles, muskrats) Cricetinae (New World mice/rats) |
| Upper molars triangles ears and eyes small tail short/well haired | Microtinae |
| Upper molars with cusps in 3 rows tail naked or sparsely haired | Murinae |
| Upper molars with cusps in 2 rows tail well haired and bicolored | Cricetinae |
| Largest rodent in AZ semi-aquatic feeds on inner bark of riparian trees | castor canadensis |
| Hair modified into sharp quills Arborial/feeds on tree bark | Erethizon dorsatum |
| Fossorial small eyes and ears short tail fur-lined external cheek pouches desert to high elevation forests | Thomomys bottae |
| Mouse-sized long tail/hindlimbs jumping White Mountains | Zapus hudsonius |
| Sides of head with dark stripe through eye stripes on back woodlands | Tamias dorsalis (faded grey stripes) Tamias cinereicollis (more distinct stripes) |
| One whitish strip on side of body sparse fur tail held over back deserts/desert grasslands | Amospermophilus leucrurus (white tail) Amospermophilus harrisi (grey tail) |
| Back with stripes or spots No black stripe through eye | Spermophilus lateralis (conifer woodlands) Spermophilus variegatus (woodlands, grasslands, deserts, human areas) |
| White belly, red/brown sides Spruce/fir forests | Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (red squirrel) |
| Uniformly tannish, short tail Colonial burrower Grasslands | Cynomys gunnisoni |
| White belly, grey above bushy tail large sciurid | Sciurus aberti (ponderosa pine) Sciurus arizonensis (riparian areas) |
| Dipodidae skull | smaller grooved incisors |
| Geomyidae skull | Larger grooved incisors |
| Erethizontidae skull | Triangle zig-zag molars |
| Aplodontidae skull | popsickle teeth |
| Muridae skull | myomorphous |
| Heteromyidae skull | Hole in rostrum |
| Sciurognathus example | Castoridae |
| Hystricognathus example | Myocastoridae |
| Sciuromorphous example | Castoridae |
| Myomorphous example | Muridae |
| Hystricomrphous example | Myocastoridae Dipodidae Erethizontidae |
| Genera in Heteromyidae in AZ | Perognathus Chaetodipus Dipodomys |
| Dipodomys in AZ | ordii (5 toes) merriami (4 toes) spectabilis (banner-tail) |
| Chaetodipus in AZ | spines on rump tail tuft |
| Perognathus in AZ | small, silky tuft or none |
| Microtinae in AZ | Microtus montanus Microtus longicaudus (long tail) Clethrionomys gapperi (red back) |
| Cricetinae in AZ | Reithrodontomys (grooved incisor, smaller) Onychomys (shorter tail, grey) Peromyscus (bi-colored tail) Neotoma (larger, shorter tail) Sigmodon (puffy, larger) |
| Murinae in AZ | Rattus norvegicus Mus musculus |
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