World History I Review
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185 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Five Themes of Geography | Movement, Location, Human-Environment Interaction, Place, Region |
| Lines of Longitude | run North to South; measure East to West; an example is the Prime Meridian |
| Lines of Latitude | run East to West; measure North to South; an example is the Equator |
| Australopithecus | first to walk on two legs |
| Homo Habilis | (man of skill) first to make stone tools |
| Homo Erectus | (upright man) first to use fire; create spoken language |
| Neanderthals | first to hunt in groups; care for the sick; have ritual burials |
| Homo Sapiens | (wise man) first to create many tools; cave art |
| Seven Continents | North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Antarctica, Africa |
| Four Oceans | Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean |
| Nile River Valley | in Egypt; provided water, travel, protection, fertile soil |
| Nile River | in Egypt; flows North while the wind blows South allowing travel in both directions; floods predictable |
| Pharaoh | what the ruler of Egypt was called; worshipped as a god |
| Theocracy | Egyptian government; the leader is worshipped as a god |
| Polytheism | belief in more than one god; Egyptians, Sumerians, Chinese, Aryans, Hindus, Buddhists, Greeks, Romans |
| Egyptian Pyramids | burial tombs for pharaohs and their bodies were mummified |
| Hieroglyphics | Egyptian written language; each symbol represents and idea |
| Middle Eastern Civilizations | Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria, Phoenicians, Hebrews, Persians; located between Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Peninsula, Africa; centered around Tigris and Euphrates rivers; present day Iraq |
| Fertile Crescent | fertile soil; very good farmland; surrounding Tigris and Euphrates |
| Sumer | Middle Eastern Civilization; oldest civilization; city-states; used cuneiform |
| Cuneiform | first written language; each symbol represented an idea; triangular |
| Akkad | Sargon was ruler and created the first empire; conquered neighbors |
| Babylon | peak under rule of Hammurabi |
| Hammurabi's Code | first written law code created by Hammurabi; "an eye for an eye"; harsh |
| Hammurabi | ruler of Babylon; created Hammurabi's Code |
| Assyria | brutal warriors with sophisticated military; merciless conquerors; great builders |
| Phoenicians | shipbuilder, seafarers, traders; created first alphabet and each symbol resembles a sound; all over the Mediterranean Sea |
| Judaism | Abraham was founder; monotheistic; followed the 10 Commandments; Torah was their holy text; worshipped in temple/synagogue; still waiting for messiah; did not believe Jesus was Savior |
| Monotheism | belief in only one God; Jews, Christians, Muslims |
| 10 Commandments | Moses received them from the top of a mountain from God; Christians and Jews followed them; laws of God |
| Persians | tolerant; bureaucracy; Cyrus the Great and Darius were the most famous rulers; Royal Road was their trade route and united empire; Zoroastrianism |
| Zoroastrianism | religion; fight of good and evil |
| Indus Vally | along Indus River; natural barriers protect it; strong central government; advanced city-planning and sewer system; little written records; caste system |
| Caste System | divided population by race and jobs |
| Mauryan Empire | along Ganges River; Asoka converts to Buddhism; tolerant |
| Asoka | ruler of Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism and put their beliefs on pillars throughout the empire |
| Gupta Empire | Golden Age of India; art, literature, and trade were important; mathematical inventions |
| Hinduism | polytheistic;1500 BCE; founded by Aryans; Upanishads and Vedas were sacred texts; caste system; four aims of life; dharma + karma = moksha |
| Dharma | job or place in caste system of a person |
| Karma | result of good and bad deeds in previous or current life |
| Moksha | released from reincarnation cycle because reached enlightenment |
| Reincarnation | rebirth until reach enlightenment |
| Enlightenment | perfect understanding of everything |
| Buddhism | 500 BCE; India; founded by Siddhartha Gautama "Buddha"; Perfection of Wisdom Sutra is holy text; NO caste system; 4 Noble Truths + Eightfold Path = nirvana |
| Nirvana | release from reincarnation cycle by following 4 Noble Truths and Eightfold Path |
| Ancient China | centered around Huang He River; large population; isolated |
| Chinese Dynasties | Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song |
| Xia | first Chinese Dynasty |
| Shang | first Chinese Dynasty to leave written records |
| Zhou | developed Mandate of Heaven; Warring States period |
| Qin | built Great Wall of China to keep out Mongols (Qin Shi Huangdi); Legalist |
| Han | height of Chinese civilizations; invented paper, silk, civil service; Confucian |
| Tang | expand borders; invented porcelain; part of Golden Age of China |
| Song | invented paper money, moveable type, magnetic compass; explorers; other part of Golden Age of China |
| Confucianism | founder was Confucius; respect elders; social order; education is important; humans are good |
| Daoism | founder was Laozi; harmony with nature; inner peace; yin and yang; Dao was universal force and guides everything |
| Legalism | founder unknown; respect of laws; harsh punishments; censorship; humans are bad |
| Kush | below Egypt; used Nile; used iron |
| Ghana, Mali, Songhai | used Niger River; Gold-Salt trade; Timbuktu was trade and cultural center; many converted to Islam |
| Aksum | used Red Sea; below Egypt; converted to Christianity under Ezana's rule |
| Zimbabwe | SE Africa; used Indian Ocean; gold trade; disappeared mysteriously |
| Minoans | lived on island of Crete; alphabet |
| Mycenaeans | took over Minoans; defeated Tojans in Trojan War |
| Dorians | defeated Mycenaeans; no advancements |
| Mt. Olympus | where Greek Gods lived |
| Gods | Zeus (Greek god of sky/storms), Hera (Greek goddess, Zeus' wife), Poseidon (Greek god of water), Athena (Greek goddess of war and intelligence), Mars (Roman god of agriculture and war), Aphrodite (Greek goddess of beauty and love) |
| Reasons for Trojan War | Trojan prince captured Helen of Troy; access to key trade point |
| Key Events of Trojan War | Troy was heavily fortified and protected by walls; Greeks trick Trojans by using giant wooden horse |
| Outcome of Trojan War | city of Troy destroyed; Greeks win war |
| Reasons for Persian War | Persians want to conquer Mediterranean; Persians seek revenge for Ionian Revolt |
| Key Events of Persian War | Battles of Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis; Greeks won (they were outnumbered) |
| Outcome of Persian War | Athens becomes very powerful; Greek culture thrives and influences Western society |
| Peloponnesian War | Sparta and Athens become rivals and make different alliances |
| Delain League | alliances with Athens |
| Peloponnesian League | alliances with Sparta |
| Key Events of Peloponnesian War | Sparta surrounds Athens and plague spreads; Syracuse (ally of Sparta) defeat Athens in sea battle |
| Outcome of Peloponnesian War | Sparta wins but civil war weakens all of Greece; Democracy ends |
| Athens | M.A.T.D. (Monarchy, Aristocracy, Tyranny, Democracy); strong navy; trade based; artistic culture; women had less rights |
| Sparta | Oligarchy; strong army; agriculturally based; militaristic culture; women had more rights |
| Homer | epic poet; wrote "The Odyssey" and "The Iliad" |
| Aeshylus | wrote tragic plays |
| Sophocles | wrote tragic plays; "Oedipus" and "Antigone" |
| Horodotus | historian of Persian War |
| Thucydides | Historian of Peloponnesian War |
| Phidias | sculptor of Zeus, Athena, Parthenon |
| Archimedes | scientist/inventor; invented lever and the pulley |
| Hippocrates | Father of Medicine; created Hippocratic Oaht |
| Euclid | invented geometry |
| Pythagoras | mathematician; created Pythagorean Theorem |
| Socrates | philosopher; socratic method (questions); tutor of Plato |
| Plato | philosopher; founded the Academy; wrote the "Republic"; tutor of Aristotle |
| Aristotle | philosopher; tutor of Alexander the Great |
| Hellenistic Age | King Phillip II of Macedon conquered Greeks after Peloponnesian War; his son, Alexander the Great, expanded from Greece to India |
| Hellenistic Culture | combination of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures |
| Alexander the Great | great military general; died mysteriously at 33; founded Alexandria in Egypt |
| Alexandria | learning, cultural, and trade center in Egypt; founded by Alexander the Great |
| Punic Wars | Rome vs. Carthage; fought over control of Mediterranean trade; series of three wars; Romans won; Carthage become province of Roman Empire |
| Rome | in Italy; strong army |
| Carthage | in Africa; strong navy (at first) |
| Roman Republic | 500 BCE - 50 CE; small, Italian peninsula; representative democracy; Senate, Consuls, Assemblies, Tribunes; patricians and plebeians; income gap; 1/3 people lost land; inflation; civil war |
| Patricians | wealthy people of the Roman society |
| Plebeians | poor people of the Roman society |
| Tribunes | represented plebeians in government |
| Roman Empire | 50 BCE - 476 CE; huge, all of Mediterranean Basin; absolute ruler; patricians and plebeians; army less loyal; civil wars; weak leaders; invasions |
| First Triumvirate | Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus |
| Julius Caesar | first dictator of Rome; assassinated by senators |
| Pompey | fought civil war with Caesar and lost |
| Crassus | influential politician |
| Second Triumvirate | Octavian (Augustus), Marc Antony, Lepidus |
| Octavian | first emperor of Rome; starts Pax Romana; grandnephew of Julius Caesar |
| Marc Antony | ally then rival of Octavian; married Egyptian Queen Cleopatra |
| Lepidus | weak politician |
| Virgil | poet; wrote "Aenid" |
| Scipio Africanus | general; defeated Hannibal in Punic Wars |
| Hannibal | powerful Carthaginian general; crossed Alps to invade Italy |
| Romance Languages | languages based off of Latin |
| Four Romance Languages | Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese |
| Twelve Tables | written law code of Rome; "innocent until proven guilty" |
| Arches | strong way to build |
| Aqueducts | bridge-like structure that carried water from country to cities |
| Coliseum | Roman arena for gladiator fights, mock battles, and entertainment |
| Forum | meeting place for Romans |
| Roman Roads | Romans made over 50,000 miles of paved roads |
| Pantheon | temple for Roman gods |
| Constantinople | good trading area; easily protected; capital of Byzantine Empire; named by and after Constantine |
| Justinian | emperor; created Justinian's Code; fortified city; built Hagia Sophia |
| Justinian's Code | code of law; created by Justinian |
| Byzantine Empire | Greco-Roman culture; used icons and mosaics; Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Great Schism | split of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox; couldn't agree on icons, role of pope, celibacy of priests |
| Russia | Kiev most powerful city-state; converted to Orthodox; was taught Cyrillic; taken over by Mongols |
| Islam | monotheistic; founder was Muhammad; in desert of Arabian Peninsula; worshipped in mosque; 5 Pillars of Faith; Asia, Africa, Europe; two types of Muslims: Sunni and Shi'te |
| Muhammad | last prophet; founder of Islam; had vision of Angel Gabriel |
| Koran | holy texts of Muslims |
| 5 Pillars of Faith | Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, Hajj |
| Shi'te | Ali party; leaders are blood related to Muhammad; minority of Muslims |
| Sunni | followers of Muhammad's example; leaders chosen; majority of Muslims |
| Dome of the Rock | mosque in Jerusalem; achitecture |
| Art of Islam | mosaics and calligraphy |
| Arabic | language used by Muslims |
| House of Wisdom | Islamic learning center in Baghdad |
| Islamic Math | created Algebra and Arabic numerals |
| Medieval Society | used Classic Roman culture; Christianity; Barbarian customs |
| Christianity | founded by Jesus; monotheistic; Bible was sacred text; followed 10 Commandments; worshipped in church; two types: Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox |
| Jesus | "Son of God"; "Savior"; founder of Christianity |
| Feudalism | kings provided protection; lords provided land and protection; serfs provided labor; Church was not as influential; vassal protected lord for land |
| Serf | bound to the land; laborer; lord provided housing |
| Lord | owner of land; gave it out to vassals for protection |
| Vassal | protected lord for land |
| Charlemagne | king of Franks; anointed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo II; conquerer; united with Catholic Church to control Europe |
| Pope Leo II | pope; anointed Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor |
| Crusades | fought by mainly Christians and Muslims over the sacred city of Jerusalem; Pope Urban II began it with speech; Crusader States were made; Constantinople sacked by Catholics; weakened Pope and nobles; end of feudalism; strengthened monarchy; stimulated trade between Europe and the Middle East; legacy of bitterness of Christians and Muslims |
| Jerusalem | sacred city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims; reason for Crusades |
| Pope Urban II | his speech began the Crusades |
| William the Conquerer | united England in 1066 |
| King Henry II | introduced common law; king of England |
| Common Law | judicial rule established by what was previously done for that crime |
| King John | signed Magna Carta; king of England |
| Magna Carta | signed by King John; limited king's power |
| 100 Years War | England vs. France; France won; Joan of Arc unified France and won it for them |
| Joan of Arc | unifying force of France; won 100 Years War for France; young peasant girl |
| Hugh Capet | starts Capetian Dynasty in Paris; French |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | king and queen of Spain; expel the Mongols |
| Philip II | king of Spain; expands empire int Americas |
| Ivan the Great | expels Mongols; Russian ruler |
| Russia | Orthodox Church unites them; centralized power of Tsar |
| Bubonic Plague | "Black Death"; spread by Mongols, rats, and fleas; killed 1/3 of Europe's population; lasted 3-4 years; decline of population; scarcity of labor; towns freed from feudalism; church influence declined; disruption of trade |
| Renaissance | "Rebirth"; begins in Italy; extra wealth allows patrons to pay artists; began Humanism; printing press invented |
| Humanism | focus on human accomplishments and potential |
| Printing Press | invented by Guttenberg; led to more literacy and spread of ideas |
| Guttenberg | inventor of printing press |
| Machiavelli | writer in Renaissance; wrote "The Prince" which is about absolute power for government |
| Da Vinci | artist in Renaissance; painted "The Mona Lisa" which is an individual woman; painted "The Last Supper" which is the last supper of Jesus and his apostles |
| Michelangelo | sculptor and artist in Renaissance; sculpted "David"; painted "Sistine Chapel" which is the ceiling of a church |
| Petrarch | poet in Renaissance; wrote sonnets mainly of love; "Father of Humanism" |
| Erasmus | humanist in Renaissance; wrote "Praise of Folly" which criticized the church |
| Sir Thomas More | writer in Renaissance; wrote "Utopia", a perfect society |
| Maya | Yucatan peninsula, Mexico; Chitzen Itza and Tikal were major cities; based on farming and trade; polytheistic with human sacrifice; slash and burn; built pyramids and temples; made calendars, written language, number system |
| Slash and Burn | farming technique; cut trees and then burned them to provide ash enriched soil |
| Aztec | central Mexico; Tenochtitlan was major city; all powerful emperor ruled; based on farming and trade; polytheistic with human sacrifice; chinampas; built pyramids and temples; made calendars; had strong warriors |
| Chinampas | floating gardens |
| Inca | Andes Mountains in South America; Machu Picchu and Cuzco were major cities; emperor with governors; based on farming and trade; polytheistic with human sacrifices; terraced farming; built complex road system; empire was huge and diverse |
| Terrace Farming | farming system in the form of steps going up the mountain |
| Trans-Saharan Trade Route | gold-salt trade; linked North and West Africa; across Sahara Desert; spread Islam; land trade |
| Silk Road | linked East and Central Asia; carried many goods: silk especially; spread Buddhism; land trade |
| Indian Ocean Trade Route | linked East Asia with Arabian Peninsula and Africa; traded gold, spices, and slaves; spread Islam and Buddhism; sea trade |
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