1.
(Chronic) Stable Angina ("exertional angina"): Reproducible pattern of angina associated with physical activity (resolves when resting)
2.
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: Vitamin D3
3.
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): New name for Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
4.
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disorder causes by strept infection
5.
Acute Tubular Necrosis: Damage to the tubular epithelial cells. (Ones in medulla are most at risk). Has 3 phases: Initiation-extension, maintenance, and recovery.
6.
Afterload: what the heart has to push against in order to get stuff out
7.
Albuminuria: Albumin "leaks" out of glomerulus. Normal is <30 mg every 24 hrs
8.
Aneurysm: Bloated and weakened artery. Can be caused by plaques.
9.
Anuria: No urine output
Less than 50 ml of urine per day
10.
Arterial Blood Pressure: Cardiac Output x Peripheral resistance
11.
Azotemia: Elevated serum BUN
12.
Back leak: Glomerular filtrate leaks back into the interstitium and is reabsorbed into the systemic circulation.
13.
Bicuspid valve: The mitral valve
14.
Cardiac Output: Heart rate x Stroke volume
15.
Cardiogenic shock: Low cardiac output due to pump failure (myocardial infarction, heart failure)
16.
Casts: sloughing of viable and damaged cells in the tubule.
17.
Cerebrovascular accident: Another way to say Stroke.
18.
Circulatory shock: Insufficient circulation of oxygenated blood to meet the metabolic demands and remove metabolic waste. Impaired tissue perfusion. Can be progressive and fatal.
19.
Cockcroft-Gault formula: Name of the equation that estimates GFR
20.
Compliance: How easily a chamber of the heart (or lumen of a blood vessel) expands when it is filled with a volume of blood
21.
Contractability: The natural ability of the cardiac muscle to develop force
22.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG): Blood vessel from another part of the body taken to build a "by-pass" around the blocked vessel
23.
Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder
24.
Decompensation: Another word for exacerbation
25.
Diastole: Time period in which the heart chamber is relaxed, dilated, and being filled with blood
26.
Distributive shock (septic shock): Significant vasodilation and peripheral pooling of plasma; adequate cardiac output but with inappropriate distribution of plasma volume due to inappropriately low peripheral resistance (severe infection, severe acute inflammatory response)
27.
Eclampsia: HT in pregnancy. Proteinuria, swelling in feet, legs, and hands, seizures, and coma
28.
Ejection Fraction (EF): Proportion of blood pumped out of ventricles with each heart beat, related to stroke volume
29.
Endothelial cells: The tunica intima is made up of a single layer of:
30.
Exercise hypertension: Excessive elevation in BP during exercise
31.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): scarring of the glomularis from HIV or obesity
32.
Framingham Heart Study: Longitudinal study identifying the common factors that contribute to CDV
33.
Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomeruli
34.
HELLP Sydrome (Hemolytic anemia, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count): A complication of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
35.
Hematuria: Blood in urine
36.
Hemiplegia: weakness on one side of the body
37.
Hemorrhagic Stroke: Rupture of a blood vessel or an abnormal vascular structure (aneurysms). approx 15% of cases
38.
Hypercalciuria: Too much calcium in the urine
39.
Hypertensive emergency: Significantly elevated BP with end organ damage
40.
Hypertensive Urgency: Significantly elevated BP with no end organ damage
41.
Hypovolemic shock: Low cardiac output due to the loss of blood or plasma volume (hemorrhage, burn)
42.
Inotropism: Change in muscle contraction
43.
Interstitial nephritis (tubulo-interstitial nephritis): Inflammation of the tissues/space between renal tubules
44.
Ischemic Stroke: Interruption/blockade of blood supply. Most often due to thrombosis. approx 85% of cases.
45.
Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH): Elevated SBP only; SBP >140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg
46.
Isovolumic contraction and ejection: Systole consists of
47.
Isovolumic relaxation and diastolic filling: Diastole consists of
48.
Lacunar infarct: Ischemic stroke that occurs to the deep, penetrating arteries, often affect deep brain tissues.
49.
Light Chain Deposition Disease and Multiple myeloma (MM): Two disorders with overproduction and extracellular deposition of a monoclonal antibody light chain
50.
Macroalbuminuria: More than 300mg/24 hours or 300mg/L from spot samples
51.
Membranoproliferative or mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis: MPGN. causes nephrotic syndrome.
52.
Membranous nephropathy: Nephrotic syndrome caused by diabetes mellitus, lupus, sjogren's syndrome, chronic hepatitis B or C infection.
53.
Metabolic Acidosis: Can be caused by acute kidney injury. Due to H+ not being removed or leaking back.
54.
Microalbuminuria: 30-300mg/24 hours or 30-300mg/L from spot samples
55.
Micturition: Another word for urination
56.
Minimal change disease: A disease that can cause nephrotic syndrome that is most common in children.
57.
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD): Other formula for estimating GFR
58.
Myogenic: Stretch activated calcium channels on smooth muscle cells of the vessels, smooth muscles then contract
59.
Nephritis (Nephritic Syndrome): Inflammation of the nephrons
60.
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Resistance to the action of antidiuretic hormone. Presents as polyuria, high plasma osmolality and low urine osmolality.
61.
Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stone. Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, both, or uric acid.
62.
Nephropathy (nephrosis): Damage to the kidneys
63.
Nephrotic syndrome: Disorders that produce proteinuria
64.
Nocturia: The need to get up in the middle of the night to urinate
65.
Obstructive shock: Low cardiac output due to obstruction of blood flow in the heart that impedes circulation (pericardial tamponade)
66.
Oligouria: Decrease urine output.
Adults: less than 500 ml per day or less than 0.5 ml/kg/hr
Children: less than 0.5 ml/kg/hr
Infants: Less than 1 ml/kg/hr
67.
Orthostatic hypotension, postural hypotension, orthostasis: BP suddenly and significantly decreases when an individual stands. The compensatory mechanisms are impaired.
68.
Periaqueductal gray: Midbrain that regulates urination
69.
Polyuria: Frequent urination
70.
Pontine micturition center: Part of pons that regulates urination
71.
Pre-eclampsia: HT in pregnancy. Proteinuria and swelling in the feet, legs, and hands
72.
Primary hypertension (essential hypertension): Idiopathic HT
73.
Prinzmetal's Angina/Variant Angina: Vessel spasm
74.
Proteinuria: Excessive protein in the urine
75.
Pudendal nerve: Innervates the bladder detrusor muscle.
76.
Pyelonephritis: Inflammation from a UTI that reaches the pelvis of the kidney.
77.
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC): Classically referred to as clear cell carcinoma or hypernephroma and it is not a single malignancy
78.
Renal Tubular Acidosis: Nephrons fail to appropriately excrete the acids. Leads to acidosis. Can occur in proximal or distal tubules.
79.
Rhabdomyolysis: Breaking down of muscle. A serious, uncommon side effect of statins that can lead to instrinsic renal injury.
80.
Secondary hypertension: HT from other cause like drugs or disease
81.
Semilunar valve: The aortic and pulmonary valves
82.
Sinoatrial node (SA): The primary pacemaker
83.
Sphygmomanometer: Instrument used to take blood pressure
84.
Stroke Volume (SV): Volume of blood pumped from one chamber of the heart (usually the left ventricle) with each heartbeat.
End-diastolic volume - End systolic volume =
85.
Systole: Time period when the heart chamber is contracting and blood is ejected
86.
Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Stroke-like symptoms that last less than 24 hours, "mini-stroke"
87.
Transitional cell carcinoma: Most common urinary tract neoplasia. Carcinoma of the transitional epithelium (the tissue that lines the inner surface of the hollow organs in the urinary tract)
88.
Tubuloglomerular Feedback: As blood pressure increases there is an increase in solute delivery to the macula densa which causes smooth muscles to contract
89.
Tunica adventitia: Outermost layer of blood vessels
90.
Tunica intima: Innermost layer of blood vessels
91.
Tunica media: Middle layer of blood vessels
92.
Unstable Angina (UA): Abrupt cardiac ischemia. Chest pain at rest, or a substantial change in angina intensity, frequency, or duration
93.
Ureterorenal reflex:: when pain is sensed, the pain impulses cause a sympathetic reflex back to the kidneys to constrict the renal arterioles, decreasing urine output
94.
White-coat hypertension: BP is higher when taken by a healthcare provider in a medical setting than it is during normal activities at home
