AP Gov Court Cases
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Created by:
cersosimolukewp on March 30, 2012
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Court cases throughout the whole book
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | The Constitution's "necessary and proper" clause permits Congress to take actions when it is essential to a power that Congress has. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | The Constitution's commerce clause gives the national government exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce. |
| United States v. Lopez (1995) | The national government's power under the commerce clause does not permit it to regulate matters not directly related to interstate commerce(in this case, banning firearms in a school zone). |
| Gitlow v. New York (1925) | The Supreme Court says the First Amendment applies to states. |
| Palko v. Connecticut (1937) | The Supreme Court says that states must observe all "fundamental" liberties. |
| Schenk v. United States (1919) | Speech may be punished if it creates a clear-and-present-danger test of illegal acts. |
| Chaplinksy v. New Hampshire (1942) | "Fighting words" are not protected by the First Amendment. |
| New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) | To libel a public figure, there must be "actual malice." |
| Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) | Public school students may wear armbands to class protesting against America's war in Vietnam when such display does not disrupt classes. |
| Miller v. California (1973) | Obscenity defined as appealing to prurient interests of an average person with materials that lack literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. |
| Texas v. Johnson (1989) | There may not be a law to banning flag-burning. |
| Reno v. ACLU (1997) | A law that bands sending "incident" material to miners over the Internet is unconstitutional because "incident" is to vague and broad of a term. |
| Mapp v. Ohio (1961) | Evidence illegally gathered by the police may not be used in a criminal trial. |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1964) | Persons charged with a crime have a right to an attorney even if they cannot afford one. |
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | Court describes ruling that police must give to arrested persons. |
| United States v. Leon (1984) | Illegally obtained evidence may be used in a trial if it was gathered in good faith without violating the principles of the Mapp v. Ohio decision. |
| Rasul v. Bush and Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) | Terrorist detainees must have access to a neutral court to decide if they are legally held. |
| Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) | Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives. |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | State laws against abortion were unconstitutional. |
| Reed v. Reed (1971) | Gender discrimination violates the equal protection clause of the Constitution. |
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) | In a confused set of rival opinions, the decisive vote was cast by Justice Powell, who said that a quota-like ban on Bakke's admission was unconstitutional but that "diversity" was a legit goal that could be pursued by taking race into account. |
| Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) | Numerical benefits cannot be used to admit minorities into college, but race can be a "plus factor" in making those decisions. |
| Lawrence v. Texas (2003) | State law may not ban sexual relations between same-sex partners. |
| Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) | A private organization may ban gays from its membership. |
| Buckley v. Valeo (1976) | Held that a law limiting contributions to political campaigns was unconstitutional but that one restricting a candidate's expenditures of his or her own money was not. |
| McConnell v. Federal Election Commission (2002) | Upheld a law prohibiting corporations and labor unions from running ads that mention candidates and their positions for over 60 days before a federal general election. |
| U.S. v. Nixon (1974) | Though the president is entitled to receive confidential advice, he can be required to reveal material related to a criminal prosecution. |
| Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982) | The president may not be sued while in office. |
| Clinton v. Jones (1997) | The president may be sued for actions taken before he became president. |
| U.S. v. Harris (1954) | The Constitution protects the lobbying of Congress, but the government may require information from groups that try to influence legislation. |
| Near v. Minnesota (1931) | Freedom of the press applies to state governments, so that they cannot impose prior restraint on newspapers. |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | Upheld judicial review on congressional acts |
| Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) | The president does not have the authority to seize private steel mills even in wartime. |
| Union Electric Co. v. Environmental Protection Agency (1976) | EPA rules must be observed without regard to their cost or technological feasibility. |
| Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council (1984) | States should comply with EPA decisions, even if not explicitly authorized by statute, provided they are reasonable efforts to attain the goal of the law. |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) | The Supreme Court upheld property rights over human rights. Slaves were considered "property." |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Separate but equal facilities were allowed and did not violate the "equal protection clause" in the Constitution. |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and the "separate but equal" doctrine & that separate schooling of the races was unconstitutional and demanded that schools desegregate with "all deliberate speed" |
| Lemon v. Kurzman (1971) | Struck down state funding for private religious schools. |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962) | Outlawed prayer in state-sponsored public schools. |
| Clinton v. City of New York (1998) | The Line-item Veto violates Article II of the Constitution and only governors retain the right to line-item veto. |
| Smith v. Allwright (1944) | Since political parties select candidates for public office , they may not exclude blacks from voting in their primary election. |
| Korematsu v. United States (1944) | Sending Japanese Americans to relocation centers during WWII was based on an acceptable military justification. |
| Reynolds v. U.S. (1878) | Restricted and banned polygamy |
| Wallace v. Jaffree (1985) | Moments of silence are unconstitutional |
| Oregon v. Smith (1990) | Restricted drug use in religious ceremonies |
| Weeks v. U.S. (1914) | "Exclusionary rule" for illegally gained evidence in federal courts. |
| Roper v. Simmons (2005) | Execution of children under 18 violates the 8th amendment. |
| Gregg v. Georgia (1976) | Upheld Georgia death sentence of execution of 18 year-olds. |
| Baker v. Carr (1962) | All districts must be contiguous and touching. |
| Westberry v. Sanders (1964) | One person, one vote. All districts must be equal in POPULATION not AREA or SIZE. |
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