crime ch9
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michiru_lulu on March 30, 2012
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36 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 social process theories (interactionist perspectives) | emphasize process of interaction between individuals and societies -assert that criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others, and the socialization processes that occur as a result of group membership are the primary route through which learning occurs |
| social process theories of crime causation assume that | everyone has the potential to violate the law |
| types of social process theories | 1. social learning theory 2. labelling theory 3. reintegrative shaming 4. social control theory 5. social development theory |
| 1.social learning theory | primary emphasis upon the role of communication and socialization in the acquisition of earned patterns of criminal behavior and the values that support that behavior -all behaviour is learned in much the same way and crime is also learned -> criminal behaviour is a product of the social env't and not an innate characteristics of particular people -differential association -neutralization techniques |
| differential association | -Sutherland* -criminality is learned through a process of association with others who communicate criminal values 1. criminal behaviour is learned 2. criminal behaviour is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication. 3. principal part of the learning of criminal behaviour occurs within intimate personal groups 4. learning includes 1) techniques of committing the crime 2) specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes 5. specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of legal codes as favourable or unfavorable 6.a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favourable to violation of law over definitions unfavourable to violation of law 7. differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity 8. the process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning 9. while criminal behaviour is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values, since non-criminal behaviour is an expression of same needs and values |
| 2. labelling theory | special significance of society's response to the criminal -Tannenbaum's tagging: process whereby an individual is negatively defined by agencies of justice -primary deviance:initial deviance often undertaken to deal with transient problems in living -secondary deviance: results from official labelling and from association with others who have been so labelled. *Becker -moral enterprise: efforts of a particular interest group to have its sense of propriety enacted into law -most deviance, when it first occurs, is likely to be transitory (unlikely to occur again) |
| 3. reintegrative shaming | emphasizes possible positive outcomes of the labelling process |
| 4. social control theory | focuses on the strength of the bond that people share with institutions and individuals around them -when social constraints on anti-social behaviour are weakened or absent, delinquent behaviour emerges. Rather than stressing causative factors in criminal behaviour, control theory asks why people actually obey rules instead of breaking them |
| 5. social development theory | integrate theories of human development that examine psychological, biological, familial, interpersonal, cultural, societal, and ecological aspects of that development -examines multiple levels of maturation simultaneously/human devp't occurs on many levels simultaneously -tend to be integrated theories -see socialization as one feature of that context -life course theories |
| neutralization techniques | learned justifications that can provide criminal offenders with the means to disavow responsibility for their behaviour 5 types of justifications 1. denial of responsibility 2. denial of injury 3. denial of the victim 4. condemning the condemners 5. an appeal to higher loyalties |
| soft determinism | delinquents neither forced to make choices nor were they entirely free to make choices |
| men excused or justified their violent actions | 1. victims were to blame for harms they sustained that resulted from provoking the offender 2. victims were themselves offenders or deserving of harm 3. harm to a victim that was not premeditated or intended carried no blame 4. legal sanctioning of an offender negated any harm 5. harms to the offender and his family stemming from the crime negated any harms caused by the offender |
| Labelling | interactionist perspective that sees continued crime as a consequence of limited opportunities for acceptable behaviour that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders. also, the process by which a negative or deviant label is imposed. |
| deviant individuals achieve their status by virtue of social definition | - |
| labelling by society and handling by the justice system tend to perpetuate crime and delinquency rather than reduce it. | - |
| Becker: 1. pure deviant | who commits norm breaking behaviour and whose behaviour is accurately appraised as such by society. eg) burglar who is caught in the act of burglar |
| 2. falsely accused deviant | power of social definition |
| 3. secret deviant | violates social norms but his behaviour is not noticed and negative societal reactions do not follow |
| RISE (reintegrative Shaming Experiments) | 1. prevalence and frequency of repeat offending 2. victim satisfaction with the process 3. estimated cost savings within the justice process 4. changes in drinking or drug use behaviour among offenders 5. perceptions of procedural justice, fairness, and protection of rights |
| Braithwaite->reintegrative shaming vs. stigmatic shaming | former: strengthen the moral bond between the offender and the community latter: destroy the moral bond between the offender and the community |
| 6. containment theory | Walter C. Reckless -both internal and external factors contributes to law-abiding behaviour -external containment: holding power of the group -inner containment: ability of person to follow the expected norms, to direct himself containment: aspects of social bond that act to prevent individuals from committing crimes and that keep them from engaging in deviance -inner containment more effective than external containment in preventing law violations |
| 7. social bond theory | Travis Hirschi in his 1969 Causes of Delinquency -a bond froms btwn individuals and the social group -when the bond is broken, deviance and crime may result 4 COMPONENTS OF THE SOCIAL BOND |
| 4 COMPONENTS OF THE SOCIAL BOND | 1. attachment 2. commitment 3. involvement 4. belief |
| Gottfredson and Hirschi | crime is a natural consequence of unrestrained human tendencies to seek pleasure and avoid pain. -crime bears little resemblance to the explanations offered in the media, by law enforcement officals -offender have little control over their desires *self-control is a key |
| life course theories | criminogenic influences have their greatest impact during the early stages of life and childhood experiences as catalysts in shaping children for the rest of their lives |
| 7 devp't tasks that adolescents must confront in life course theories | 1. establishing identity 2. cultivating symbiotic relationships 3. defining physical attractiveness 4. investing in a value system 5. obtaining an education 6. separating from family and achieving independence 7. obtaining and maintaing gainful employment |
| social capital | number of positive relationships with other persons and social institutions that individuals build up over the course of their lives *the greater one's social capital, the less chance of criminal activity |
| cohort analysis | usually beings at birth and traces development of a population whose members share common characteristics until they reach a certain age |
| evolutionary ecology | an approach to understanding crime that draws attention to the ways people develop over the course of their lives |
| one of the most comprehensive studies to date that has attempted to detail life pathways leading to criminality began in 1986. | - |
| three developmental pathways to delinquency exist | 1. authority conflict pathway 2. covert pathway 3. overt pathway |
| social learning perspectives policy | night hoops after 4 drop-ins |
| social control theorists believe that a strong commitment to school, family, employment, and recreation can help decrease an individual's likelihood of succumbing to a criminal lifestyle | - |
| critique of social process theories | disregard for biological and/or psychological contributions to criminal behaviour -fail to explain why some individuals are surrounded by negative env't and poor role models manage to avoid becoming involved in criminal behaviour |
| most potent criticism against differential association | perspective is virtually untestable |
| critique of labelling theory | explain little of origin of crime and deviance |
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