Kozier Pain Management
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Acute pain | pain that lasts only through the expected recovery period (less than six months), whether it has a sudden or slow onset and regardless of the intensity |
| allodynia | when nonpainful stimuli (e.g., contact with linen, water, or wind) produce pain |
| Agonist analgesic | full agonists which are pure opioid drugs that bind tightly to mu receptor sites, producing maximum pain inhibition, an agonist effect |
| Agonist-antagonist analgesic | mixed agonists-antagonists drugs that can act like opioids and relieve pain (agonist effect) when given to a client who has not taken any pure opioids |
| Cancer Pain | may result from the direct effects of the disease and its treatment in individuals with cancer |
| Central Neuropathic pain | pain that results from malfunctioning nerves in the central nervous system (e.g., spinal cord injury pain, poststroke pain, or multiple sclerosis) |
| Chronic pain | prolonged pain, usually recurring or persisting over six months or longer, and interferes with functioning |
| Coanalgesic (Adjuvant) | A medication that is not classified as a pain medication, but has properties that may reduce pain alone or in combination with other analgesics, relieve other discomforts, potentiate the effect of pain medications, or reduce the pain medication's side effects. |
| Cordotomy | surgical severing which obliterates pain and temperature sensation below the level of the spinothalamic portion of the anterolateral tract severed, and is usually done for pain in the legs and trunk |
| dysesthesia | An unpleasant or abnormal sensation that can be either spontaneous or evoked. |
| Effleurage | a stroking massage technique |
| Equianalgesia | equal analgesia, is used when referring to the doses of various opioid analgesics that provide approximately the same pain relief |
| Fifth vital sign | pain assessment |
| Hyperalgesia | extreme sensitivity to pain |
| Hyperpathia | Same as Hyperalgesia |
| Mild Pain | pain in the range of 1-3 |
| Moderate Pain | pain in the range of 4-6 |
| nerve block | A chemical interruption of a nerve pathway, effected by injecting a local anesthetic into the nerve. Injected drug blocks nerve pathways from the painful areas, thus stopping the transmission of pain impulses to the brain. |
| Neurectomy | surgery in which peripheral or cranial nerves are interrupted to alleviate localized pain |
| Neuropathic pain | the result of a disturbance of the peripheral or central nervous system that results in pain that may or may not be associated with an ongoing tissue-damaging process |
| Nociception | the physiologic processes related to pain perception |
| Nociceptor | a pain receptor |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) | drugs that relieve pain by acting on the peripheral nerve endings to inhibit the formation of the prostaglandins that tend to sensitize nerve to painful stimuli; have analgesic, anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory effect; include aspirin and ibuprofen |
| Pain | whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he (or she) says it does |
| Pain Management | the allevation of pain or a reduction in the pain to a level of comfort that is acceptable to the client. Pharmcologic and nonpharmacologic |
| Pain threshold | the least amount of pain stimulation a requires before feeling pain |
| Pain tolerance | the maximum amount and duration of pain that an individual is willing to endure |
| Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) | a pain management technique that allows the client to take an active role in managing pain |
| Peripheral neuropathic pain | phantom limb, posterpetic neuralgia, carpal tunnel; follows damage/sensitization of peripheral nerves, (injury) pain (phantom limb pain, postherpetic neuralgia, carpal tunnel syndrome that follows damage and/or sensitization of peripheral nerves |
| Physiological pain | When an intact nervous system sends signals that tissues are damaged requiring treatment |
| Placebo | any form of treatment (e.g., medication) that produces an effect in the client because of its intent rather than its chemical or physical properties |
| Preemptive analgesia | the administration of analgesics prior to an invasive or operative procedure in order to treat pain before it occurs prevents the windup and sensitization that spreads, intensifies, and prolongs pain. |
| Referred pain | pain perceived to be in one area but whose source is another area |
| Rhizotomy | interruption of the anterior or posterior nerve root between the ganglion and the cord; generally performed on cervical nerve roots to alleviate pain of the head and neck |
| Severe Pain | pain in the range of 7-10 |
| Somatic pain | pain that arises from ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, and nerves |
| Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) | involves the insertion of a cable that allows the placement of an electrode directly on the spinal cord and is used with nonmalignant pain that has not been controlled with less invasive therapies |
| Sympathectomy | severence of the pathways of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system; eliminates vasospasm, improves peripheral blood supply, and is effective in treating painful vascular disorders |
| Sympathetically maintained pain | pain that occurs with abnormal connections between pain fibers and the sympathetic nervous system (edema, temp, blood flow regulation) |
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) | a noninvasive, nonanalgesic pain control technique that allows the client to assist in the management of acute and chronic pain |
| Visceral pain | results from stimulation of pain receptors in the abdominal cavity, cranium, and thorax (organs and/or hollow viscera.) Tends to be characterized by cramping, throbbing, pressing, or aching. Sometimes associated with feeling sick (nausea, vomiting, sweating), such as labor pain, angina pectoris, or irritable bowel. |
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