The American Republic to 1877: Chapter 10 History
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englishteacherqp on March 31, 2012
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Industrial Revolution | the change from an agrarian society to one based on industry which began in Great Britain and spread to the United States around 1800 |
| capitalism | an economic system based on private property and free enterprise |
| capital | money for investment |
| free enterprise | the freedom of private business to operate competitively for profit with minimal government regulation |
| technology | the application of scientific discoveries to practical use |
| cotton gin | a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber |
| patent | a document that gives an inventor the sole legal right to an invention for a period of time |
| factory system | system bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency |
| interchangeable parts | uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces |
| census | official count of a population |
| turnpike | a road that one must pay to use; the money is used to pay for the road |
| canal | an artificial waterway |
| lock | in a canal, an enclosure with gates at each end used in raising or lowering boats as they pass from level to level |
| sectionalism | loyalty to a region |
| internal improvements | federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system |
| American System | policies devised by Henry Clay to stimulate the growth of industry which included a protective tariff, a program of internal improvements and a national bank to control inflation and lend money to build developing industries |
| disarmament | removal of weapons |
| demilitarize | to remove armed forces from an area |
| court-martial | to try by a military court |
| Lowell's Mill | a textile plant opened by Francis Cabot Lowell in Waltham, Massachusetts; for the first time, all the stages of cloth making were performed under one roof |
| Eli Whitney | the inventor of the cotton fin, he also started the idea of using interchangeable parts to assemble a product; this allowed goods to be made on a mass scale and at a reduced price |
| corporations | large businesses that rapidly developed during the 1830s |
| National Road | road built by the federal government that connected the new state of Ohio to the East |
| Robert Fulton | developed a powerful steamboat engine that allowed two-way river travel for cargo and passengers |
| Erie Canal | built across New York state, this 363-mile canal connected Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie; it opened on October 25, 1825 |
| state sovereignty | the idea that states have autonomous power |
| Missouri Compromise | an agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to be admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state; it banned slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of the 36-30 N parallel |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | under this treaty in 1819, Spain gave East Florida to the U.S. and abandoned all claims in West Florida; Spain also gave the U.S. a large piece of territory in the Pacific Northwest |
| Monroe Doctrine | a statement signed by President Monroe on December 2, 1823; it said that the U.S. would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas but would oppose any new European colonies in either North or South America |
| expand | to open or spread out in terms of size, number, or amount |
| concentrate | to give most attention to one central idea |
| equip | to supply with necessary tools to work properly |
| internal | carried on within an indicated country; domestic |
| enact | to make into law |
| undertake | to take on or to attempt |
| stock | shares in ownership in a company that allows them to improve and develop |
| Lowell Girls | 80% of the workers employed by Fancis Cabot Lowell in his cloth textile mill; most were young and in their teens, often for very low pay for monotonous tasks and difficult working conditions, but they were 'working girls.' |
| Samuel Slater | the immigrant who had memorized Richard Arkwright's machines and brought them to the United States in 1789 and created his own mill in Pawtucket, RI |
| Second Bank of the United States | a bank chartered by Congress in 1816 to replace the charter the first which expired in 1811. It had the power to lend large amounts of money to businesses and was criticized for creating a monopoly used by the rich and powerful |
| monopoly | exclusive control or possession of something such as the banking system that excluded state and frontier people from access to money at the federal bank |
| National Road | a road built at the request of the people of Ohio to connect the state in 1803 to the east. Congress passed a bill in 1806 to approve funds for its construction. The first section was opened in 1818 from Maryland to West Virginia and eventually Ohio to Vandalia, IL |
| The Clermont | Fulton's steamboat which made the 150 mile trip from NY city to Albany in 32 hours. It offered great comforts to its passengers and contributed to the growth of river cities like Cincinnati and St. Louis. |
| De Witt Clinton | Led a group of businessmen and government officials with a plan to connect New York to the Great Lakes region |
| Era of Good Feeling | period of time of James Madison's presidency that reflected a growth in nationalism based on a fading of political differences after the War of 1812 during which the Federalist party disappeared and allowed Madison to run with little or no opposition. |
| Daniel Webster | a United States senator known for his great oratory abilities who favored the tariff of 1816 |
| Henry Clay | Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1811 who represented the interests of the western states; known for his use of compromise to resolve sectional differences |
| McCulloch vs Maryland | a Supreme Court decision by John Marshall that individual states did not have the authority to tax the Second Bank of the United States; a decision that would further define states' rights |
| Gibbons vs Ogden | a Supreme Court decision that prevented states from enacting legislation that would interfere with Congressional power to control interstate trade and which strengthened the national government |
| Rush-Bagot Treaty | an agreement between the United States and Canada which set a limit of the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes and allowed for the disarmament along the border between Canada and the US |
| Convention of 1818 | a second agreement with Britain which set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between the US and Canada at teh 49th parallel and which help demilitarize the border. Allowed American citizens to settle in the Oregon Country |
| General Andrew Jackson | invaded Spanish East Florida to stop Seminole raids on American territory and captured two Spanish forts overstepping his authority. |
| Luis de Onis | Spanish minister who protested Jackson's capture of 2 Spanish forts and demanded his and his officers punishment. |
| Miguel Hidalgo | Spanish priest who led a rebellion against the Spanish government in Mexico calling for racial equality and redistribution of land. He was arrested and executed. |
| Simon Bolivar | "the Liberator" led a movement in South America that won freedom for present day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, and Equador |
| Jose de San Martin | successfully achieved freedom for Chili and Peru |
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