| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Who said, "Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it" | George Santayana |
| What is a culture? | beliefs people acquire when living together |
| What are some examples of cultural things | Traditions, religion, food, dancing, laws |
| What is a civilization? | A highly organized society with complex institutions and attitudes that link a large number of people |
| What does a civilization need to have in order for it to be a civilization | Calendar, division of labor, government, use and undestading of metals, and form of writing |
| Why does a civilization need a gov. | To prevent chaos and to assign jobs (division of labor) |
| What was the biggest job of the gov in the ancient days | Schedule when to harvest and plant food to avoid floods |
| What was an irrigation system? | Trenches that carried the water from the rivers to the crops |
| What is division of labor? | People doing different jobs |
| Why did civilizations need metals to survive? | To have stronger tools so they can have a better military and to help them in irrigation systems |
| What were the 1st four ancient civilizations? | Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Huang River Valley, and Indus River Valley |
| What present day country was Mesopotamia primarily located in and on what continent? | Iraq, Asia |
| What present day country was the Nile River Valley primarily located on and on what continent? | Egypt, Africa |
| What present day country was the Huang River Valley located on and what continent? | China, Asia |
| What present day country was the Indus river valley primarily located on and what continent? | Pakistan, Asia |
| What is history? | Records of events, lifestyles, and traditions that happened in the past. |
| What is pre-history? | Period of time before written records were kept. |
| Name three reasons why it is important to study history. | History repeats itself so we must learn from our mistakes; it helps us to understand ourselves and others; and we are able to appreciate contributions to history better. |
| What three things must you be aware of when studying history? | Accuracy, bias, and prejudice. |
| What is bias? | Point of view |
| What is prejudice? | Opinion formed without any factual bases. |
| Approximately when did writing start? | Approximately 3,000 B.C. |
| What did the Romans practice before Christianity? | Polytheism |
| Why was Jesus called "Christ"? | The Romans believed that Jesus was the Messiah, and in Greek Messiah is called "Christos". |
| Is there a year 0 in our calendar? | No; after Jesus was born the Romans went back and changed the entire calendar so that year 1 B.C. was when Jesus was born, and Year 1 A.D. officially started the "year of the lord". |
| What does B.P. mean? | Before present |
| What does B.C.E. mean? | Before common era |
| What does B.C. mean? | Before Christ |
| What does C.E. mean? | Common era |
| What does A.D. mean? | Anno Domini (Year of the Lord) |
| Is the school considered a civilization? | No, the tipping point from culture to civilization is about 4,000 people. |
| Who were alive in 130,000 B.C. | Neanderthals |
| What was metal used for? | Tools and the building of an irrigation system |
| What two things are most important to people in pre-history? | Food and water |
| Why did they need writing (Besides for a calendar)? | For trading |
| What are the best primary sources? | Journals, letters, and official documents |
| Which way does the Nile flow? | South to north |
| What is the end of a river called? | Mouth |
| What is the beginning of a river called? | Source |
| What is the source of the Nile river? | The snowy mountains melting |
| What will never be a source for a river, and why? | An ocean because land is higher than water, and since a river needs a slope to flow, gravity makes the ocean rising up over the land impossible. |
| What river is also called the yellow river? | Huang River |
| How many calendars are used in the world today? | 40 |
| What calendar is used in the United States? | Gregorian calendar |
| Why is it important to have a calendar for ancient civilizations? | It helped them plan when floods would come so they could know when to plant and harvest crops, when seasons were, and helped them keep track of events. |
| Define calendar | A system of measuring time for the needs of civilization |
| How did the Egyptians tell when the day ended and when the day began? | Each sunrise and sunset |
| How did the Egyptians tell the current month from the next month? | Every full moon |
| How many days are equivalent to a lunar month? | 29 1/2 days |
| How many days are equivalent to a lunar year? (Approximately) | 354 days (365-11=354; if you still don't understand just make the vertex Q in the quadratic function...) |
| How many days short was the lunar year? | 11 days |
| How did the Egyptians tell the current year from the new year? | Flood to flood |
| What was the problem with the lunar calendar? (Specifically with harvesting) | Since the lunar year is 11 days shorter than the regular year so harvesting and planting would only work for three years at a time. After that, due to the shortage of days, the seasons would be off and they would be planting and harvesting at the wrong times. |
| What was the solution for the 11 day shortage on the lunisolar calendar? | The priest added holidays and decreed that the holidays would not be counted as days. |
| What was the star that helped the Egyptians know there was a flood coming? | Sirius star |
| Who made the Julian calendar? | Julius Caesar |
| When was the Julian calendar made? | 46 B.C. |
| Was there a leap year in the Julian calendar? (NEED TO KNOW, it was the problem with the calendar) | Yes |
| When was the Gregorian calendar made? | 1582 A.D. |
| Who was the creator of the Gregorian calendar? | Pope Gregory |
| What kind of calendar is the Gregorian calendar? | Solar |
| What kind of calendar is the Julian calendar? | Solar |
| What was the 1st solar calendar? | Julian calendar |
| What kind of calendar is the Hebrew calendar? | Lunisolar |
| What is lunisolar? | A calendar based on both the moon and the sun |
| What year is it in the Hebrew calendar? | 5770 A.D. |
| What is the Hebrew calendar based on? | Biblical creation |
| What kind of calendar is the Islamic calendar? | lunar |
| What year is it in Islamic calendar? | 1430 A.D. |
| What event is the Islamic calendar based on? | Muhammad emigrating from Mecca to Medina in order to keep his family safe |
| Is the Gregorian calendar religious in any way? | No |
| When did Muhammad emigrate from Mecca to Medina? | In 622 A.D. |
| Why is the Islamic calendar's current year not where it should be if their year 1 was the Gregorian calendar's 622 A.D.? | The lunar calendar goes much faster than a solar calendar |
| What type of calendar is the Chinese calendar? | Lunisolar |
| What is the current year in the Chinese calendar? | 4707 A.D. |
| The current year in the Chinese calendar is what animal? | The ox |
| What is the origin of the Chinese calendar based on? | A Chinese emperor who believed himself to be so important that he created this particular calendar. |
| Who was the emperor who created the Chinese calendar? | Shi Huangdi |
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