Unit 7 AP Biology Study Guide 40-43
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adriennerodriguez2014 on March 31, 2012
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70 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 peristalsis | alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the canal. enables us to process and digest food while lying down |
| amylase | hydrolyzes starch into smaller polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose |
| pepsin | works best in strongly acidic environtment; Parietal cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions |
| epithelial tissue | covers outside of the body; lines organs and cavities; enables tissue to function as barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, fluid loss |
| cuboidal epithelium | dice shaped specialized for secretion; makes up epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands like thyroid and salivary glands |
| simple columnar epithelium | lines intestines; secretes juices and absorbs nutrients |
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium | forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract of many vertebrates; beating of cilia move the film of mucus along the surface |
| stratified squamous epithelium | regenerates rapidly near basil lamina; new cells pushed up because old cells are sloughed off; subject to abrasion and found in skin and linings of esophagus, anus, and vagina |
| simple squamous epithelium | thin and leaky; functions in the exchange of material by diffusion; lines blood vessels and air sacs of the longs where diffusion is critical |
| connective tissue | bind and support other tissues in the body; consists of sparse population of cells scattered thru an extracellular matrix (jelly, liquid, solid) |
| loose connective tissue | collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers in this tissue bind epithelia to underlying tissues and hold organs in place |
| fibrous connective tissue | dense with collagenous fibers; form parallel bundles, which maximize non elastic strength; found in tendons where muscles attach to bones and ligaments which connect bones at joints |
| bone | mineralized connective tissue; osteoblasts deposit a matrix of collagen; microscopic structure of hard mammalian bone consists of repeating units called osteons; each osteon has concentric layers of the mineralized matrix which are deposited around a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves. |
| cartilage | abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix made of a protein carbohydrate complex called chondroitin sulfate; retained in some locations, such as disks that act as cushions between vertebrae |
| adipose tissue | loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose tissue; insulates body and stores fuel as fat |
| blood | has a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma; red blood cells carry oxygen, white cells function in defense |
| muscle tissue | consists of filaments containing the proteins actin and myosin, which together enable muscles to contract |
| skeletal muscle | consists of bundles of long cells (muscle fibers), sacromeres give the cells a striped (striated) appearance under microscope |
| cardiac muscle | forms contractile wall of the heart; striated like skeletal and has contractile properties similar to those of skeletal muscle; carries unconscious task of the contraction of the heart; fibers branch and interconnect via intercalated disks which relay signals form cell to cell and help synchronize heartbeat |
| smooth muscle | lacks striations; in digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, other internal organs; spindle shaped and controlled by different kinds of nerves than skeletal muscle; responsible for involuntary churning of stomach |
| nervous tissue | sense stimuli and transmit signals in the form of nerve impulses |
| homeostasis | animals maintain a relatively constant internal environment even when the external environment changes significantly |
| negative feedback | response that damps the stimulus |
| normal range | upper and lower limit |
| positive feedback | triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than diminish the stimulus |
| thermoregulation | process by which animals maintain an internal temp within a tolerable range |
| endothermic | organisms that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism; maintain stable body temps even in large temperature fluctuations in the environment |
| ectothermic | organisms that gain heat from external sources; consume less food |
| metabolic rate in large mammals | metabolic rate is proportional to body mass to the three quarter power |
| metabolic rate in smaller animals | demands a greater rate of oxygen delivery; high breathing rate, blood volume relative to size, heart rate and eats more food |
| role of digestive system | to survive and reproduce, store energy |
| suspension feeders | sift small particules from water; claims oysters use cilia to sweep food |
| substrate feeders | animals that live in or on their food source |
| fluid feeders | suck nutrient rich fluid form a living host |
| bulk feeders | use pinches, tentacles, claws, poisonous fangs, jaws, teeth that kil their prey or tear off pieces of meet or vegetation. |
| ingestion | first stage; act of eating; in liquid or solid forms |
| digestion | second stage of food processing; food is broken down into molecules small enough for body to absorb; use enzymatic hydrolysis to catalyze the digestion of large molecules in food |
| absorption | third stage, animals take up small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars |
| elimination | fourth stage; completes process as undigested material passes out of the digestive system |
| pharynx | opens to two passage ways: esophagus and trachea |
| esophagus | connects to stomach where trachea leads to lungs |
| stomach | primarily stores food and continues digestion, it can stretch to accomodate about 2 L of food and liquid |
| small intestine | enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food; over 6 m long, longest compartment and includes the duodenum where chyme and digestive juices mix. |
| pancreas | aids chemical digestion by producing alkaline solution reach in bicarbonate; neutralizes acidity |
| liver | makes bile to act as a detergent to aid in absorption of liquids |
| gallbladder | bile is stored and concentrated |
| large intestine | includes colon, cecum, rectum |
| colon | leads to rectum and anus; recover water |
| cecum | important for fermenting ingested material |
| appendix | finger like extension of the human cecum |
| function of the circulatory system | carry out exchange with the environment; transport materials between sites and the rest of the body |
| circulation to large animals | not every part of body can diffuse outwards efficiently and quickly; circulatory system minimizes the distance that substances need to diffuse to enter or leave a cell |
| open circulatory system | the circulatory fluid bathes the organs directly |
| open circulatory system users | large crustaceans, lobsters, crabs |
| closed circulatory system | blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid; one or more hearts pump blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones coursing thru the organs |
| arteries | carry blood away from the heart to organs |
| arterioles | small vessels that convey blood to the capillaries |
| capillaries | microscopic vessels that are thin with porous walls |
| pathway of blood in humans | four chambered heart, left side receives and pumps only oxygen rich blood, right side receives and pumps oxygen poor blood |
| systole | contraction phase of the cycle |
| diastole | relaxation phase of the cycle |
| systolic pressure | spikes in blood pressure caused byt he powerful contractions of the ventricles stretch of the arteries |
| diastolic pressure | elastic walls of arteries snap back, ventricles relaxed |
| sinoatrial node | SA; pacemaker that sets rate and timing at which all cardiac muscles contract; generates electrical impulses much like those produced by nerve cells |
| atrioventricular node | AV; impulses are delayed for 0.1 second before spreading to the walls of the ventricles; allows atria to empty completely before the ventricles contract; signals from this note are conducted throughout the ventricular fibers by specialized muscle fibers called bundle branches |
| plasma | liquid matrix; dissolved in the plasma are ions and proteins that function in osmotic regulation; buffers against pH changes |
| platelets | fragments of cells involved in clotting |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells; most numerous and bring oxygen to body organs; biconcave and lack nuclei |
| leukocytes | five major types of white blood cells; function is to fight infection |
| platelets | pinched off cytoplasmic specialized bone marrow cells |
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