BOT exam 3

Terms	Definitions
Aborescent tree ferns are found in...	tropical regions
3 different fern strategies/environments	climbing/ vining, epiphytic, floating aquatic plants
example of water ferns	savinia, azolla
rhizomes	shoot with abundant storage tissue
rhizome growth	grows at or within substratum surface, parallel to it
fern shoots have apical meristem with	.single apical cell at summit
kinds of fern leaf	simple, pinnate,bipinnate,tripinnate
Bipinnate leaf	pinna are themselves subdivided (into pinnules)
Tripinnate leaf	pinnules are themselves subdivided
Pinnate leaf	subdivided into pinnae along rachis
Which plant organ is most prominent and elaborate in conventional ferns as compared to the other seedless vascular plants we considered previously (Selaginella, Psilotum, Equisetum)?	• Sporophyte: Stems, leaves and roots with xylem and phloem. Grows to independence from gametophyte o Reduction of gametophyte
leafs remain meristematic for a long time how are they protected ?	rolled up into a protective crozier that unrolls as leaf develops
Sporangium has ______ of unevenly thick walled cells	annulus
hygroscopic	flexes in response to changes in humidity, flings spores out
sori/sorus	group of sporangia
shape/location of sori	round or linear/ near leaf margin, leaf vein, or laminal
Indusium	tissue covering the sorus of a fern
role of sporopollenin	protects spore from desiccation and destruction
Life cycle of fern	• Sporangia releases spores spore develops into small gametophyte  gametophyte produces sperm in antheridia and eggs in archegonia  zygote develops into large sporophyte  cluster of sporangia form sori
origin of seeds plants ? what era ?	end of paleozoic era
why did global climate change	re-positioning of continents (pangea) changes in ocean circulation
Homospory	one kind of sporangium; meiosis produces 1 kind of spore that will develop into gametophyte bearing both M/F gametes
Heterospory	Two kinds of sporangia (♀ and ♂); meiosis in each produces 2 different kinds of spores (♀ and ♂) that will develop into separate ♀ and ♂ gametophytes.
seed plants; hetersporous or homospory	heterosporous
Where does female spore develop ?	develops into gametophyte within the sporangium
♀ Sporangium + protective integuments =	ovule
Nucellus (=sporangium)	nutritive surrounding spore/gametophyte
integument	protective covering
whats a seed	fertilized ovule (with embryo)
Female pine cone seeds	winged seeds borne in pairs on ovuliferous scales
microgametophyte (n)	pollen grain
Fertilization sequence	1 pollen lands on ovule 2 pollen tube delivers male gamete to egg 3 fertilization occurs 4 zygote develops into sporophyte embryo (within ovule) 5 Dormancy. Mature ovule (SEED) then dispersed; embryo protected.
Development of microspore	Male sporangium: meiosis haploid microspores = pollen grain
whats pollination	• Pollination is delivering the prospective gamete to female gamete. Wind/animals different ways of dispersal o Fertilization occurs after pollen land, pollen tube grows and delivers sperm to egg
seedless vs seed plants and fertilization	seedless require water for syngamy; seed no water needed
male strobili	small skinny fall apart easily
Gymnosperm diversity 4 kinds	ginkgo biloba cycads conifers gnetophytes
genus name for : -ginkgo biloba -cycads -conifers	-ginkgophyta -cycadophyta pinophyta
ginkgo biloba; leaves shape	fan-shaped, bilobed
Ginkgo biloba; where is it found why ? lose leaves term-	commonly planted ornamental in cities; resists air pollution & harsh conditions. deciduous
Ginkgo biloba; (separate ♂& ♀ plants) term	dioecious
Ginkgo biloba ovules	borne in pairs at tips
Two extracts found in Ginkgo biloba	Flavonoids and tarpenoids
Cycads most diverse during...	Jurassic period of Mesozoic era
Cycads; Dioecious or monoecious	Dioecious
location of mega/microsporophylls	microsporangia on surface ovules on surface
Cycads; pollination	by wind or insects such as beetles. Cones generate heat, volatilizing chemicals that attract (to female) or repel (from male) insect visitors.
Zamia Pumila	Coontie
Conifers; -Ecological importance -Economic importance	-Cover vast areas of boreal forest -Lumber and paper industries
Pine leaves	needle-like to scale-like, simple; typically tough & "evergreen."
Pine shoots contain...	terpenoid resins; inedible to most animals. Source of varnish, turpentine, amber and gin
Pine; Strobili	microsporangia or ovules on flattened, spirally arranged scales.
Oldes non-clonal living thing; type of pine...	Bristlecone pine
Tallest known trees	Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) northern California to Oregon 394+
Largest tree in terms of overall volume	Sequoiadendron giganteum California Sierra Nevada endemic
Slash pine genus name	Pinus eliottii
Pines; two kinda of shoots	-long shoots" indeterminate, produce papery scale leaves -short shoots" borne in their axils; determinate fascicle (bundle) of photosynthetic, needle-leaves.
Taxodium: types...	Swamp Cypress Bald Cypress Pond Cypress
Swamp Cypress characteristics	butresses near base for extra stability knees-up growths from root system
Bald Cypress	Taxodium disticum leaves spreading; dorsiventral shoots
Pond cypress	Taxodium ascendens leaves appressed; radially symetrical
Yew (Taxus)	shrub-tree used in landscaping, hedges.  single ovules surrounded by scale that swells after fertilization to form fleshy red aril.  highly poisonous taxane terpenoids in stems and seeds. Paclitaxel (taxol) inhibits mitosis, now used as anticancer drug.
Gnetophyta	-Have vessels in xylem, like angiosperms origin within conifer group leaves resemble those of angiosperms
Ephedra; location;leaves;use	-N.America & Asia -opposite, highly reduces scale-like leaves(stems photosynthesis) -source of amphetamine-like stimulant alkaloids ephedrine, pseudephedrine
Gnetophyta that produces only two leaves its entire life	Welwitschia mirabilis
Welwitschia mirabilis; location; cones	-Namib -Cone-bearing reproductive shoots arise from this same meristem.
Decidious	Lose leaves in autum
Cycad distribution globally	Tropics and subtropics dioecious
Three genera of Gnetophyte gymnosperms	1. Gnetum 2. Ephedra 3. Welwitschia
Primary growth	elongation of stems and production of leaves; elongation of roots
Secondary growth	thickening of shoot and root axes; production of new vascular and dermal tissue
Vascular cambium	produces secondary phloem to the outside, and great amounts of secondary xylem to the inside
Cork cambium	adds new protective dermal tissue (cork)
Shoot in primary growth:	Apical meristem generates new Leaves
Sapwood	water/mineral transport
Heartwood	no longer functions in transport; filled with phenolic secondary compounds to give more strength and resistance to decay
Rays	Horizontally oriented cell files involved in transport radially
Suberin	a highly hydrophobic wax
Palms; growth...	-Must first widen in primary growth before growing up tall. monocot; no lateral meristems
Traveler tree	Ravenala madagascariensis monocot tree no secondary growth
Banana tree	overlapping leaf bases
What is wood	Secondary Xylem
Explain rings	Growth season- larger cells  cell size gets smaller as season ends
Give two main reasons why secondary growth is vital to the development of trees	Provide strength and increase vascular tissue as organism grows
Earliest Angiosperms	130MYA great diversification in Cenozoic era
What is a flower ?	determinate shoot highly specialized for reproduction
The four types of modified leaves	1.Sepals 2. Petals 3.Stamens 4. Carpels
Sepals	enclose and protect rest of flower in bud (compromise calyx)
Petals	colorful display to attract pollinator (comprise corolla)
Stamen	bear male sporangia known as anthers (comprise androecium)
Carpels	Bear & enclose ovules, form pistils individually or by fusion (comprise gynoecium)
Example of many pistils:	Magnolia; separate carpels spirally arranged Drymis; separate carpels, in whorl
Central pistil:	Whorl of carpels fused together at edges to form single pistil
Formation alternate	Spirally (magnolia)
Formation simultaneous	whorl (lilium)
Petals connate	fused edge to edge
stamens connate	forms tube
Adnate	fused by having grown together
Superior ovary	Sepals, petals and stamens insert below base of pistil
Inferior ovary	basal parts of sepals, petals and stamens adnate to base of pistil
Unisexual flowers	carica papaya squash
Pollen grain	generative cell + tube cell (tough coat)
Inflorescence	specialized flowering shoot or complex of shoots. better attract pollinators
Single flower inflorescence	Asteraceae family helianthus-sunflower
Bracts	Any specialized leaves associated with the inflorescence are known as Bracts may be reduced to scale leaves or highly modified to contribute to the pollinator
Grasses	flowering plants (POACEAE) but are mainly wind-pollinated
Endosperm (3n)	nutritive tissue; food for development/germination of embryo
Angiosperm;zygote	develops into embryo becomes sporophyte plant
Gynocium	collective term for all carpels in a flower. A carpel is the ovule and seed producing reproductive organ in flowering plants
Double fertilization	• Pollen delivers 2 sperms: o Sperm 1: fuses with egg to form zygote (2n)embryo sporophyte plant o Sperm 2: fuses with two other maternal nuclei to form triploid cell (3n) endosperm nutritive tissue; food for development/germination of embry  Fruit and seed coat= bran
ovule becomes ... ovary becomes...	seed fruit
Dehiscent fruit ex:	Splits open to release seeds when mature silk cotton tree, mahogany, ackee
Dehiscent fruit; Dispersal	unit of dispersal seed; wind/animal winged seeds, silky threads, edible aril
Explosive Dehiscence	squirting cucumber; Unit of dispersal: seed Agent of dispersal: hydrostatic pressure
Rosary pea; dispersal	(abrus precatorious) : bright seeds eaten by birds; hard coat prevent digestion
Dandelion; dispersal	Fuzzy calix becomes parachute (wind)
Coconut;dispersal	float (water buoyancy)
Desmodium	hitchhikers; hooks, spines, or velcro-like (animals)
Capsicum pepper	birds eat fruit and disperse rodents sensitive to capsaicin
Three layers formed from fruit development	endocarp mesocarp exocarp
Berry	fruit with all or nearly all of ovary wall developing into fleshy tissue
Dupe	type of fruit formed when inner layer of ovary wall (endocarp) becomes hard and bony
Achene	ovary wall surrounding single ovule, forms tough dry tissue
Nut	dry, oily fruit with single seed; entire ovary wall becomes hard and bony
Aggregate fruit	develops from separate pistils of same flower
strawberry;receptacle	fleshy expanded tissue
Raspberries and blackberries	separate spirally arranged pistils, each with single ovule.
Strawberry	spirally arranged carpels each forms a separate pistil with single ovule
Multiple fruit	formed from fused, fleshy tissue of many flowers in an intercalary inflorescence
meristematic for long time; protective crozier unrolls
Fern rhizome. How is tissue arranged ? identify Xylem and Phloem (phloem surrounds Xylem)
sori shape and position differs; round, linear, continuous... laminal, marginal, near vein	round sori
Indusium; it may be a lateral pocket, a rolled-back extension of the leaf margin, or an umbrella-shaped or kidney-shaped scale
. Notice that each has a stalk; a row of thick-walled cells, called an annulus, runs along the midline of the sporangium itself. The walls of these cells are hygroscopic; they curl with changes in humidity and fling out the spores when the sporangium is mature	Sporangium
gametophyte; colorless rhizoids;
parts of gametophyte;	Identify the root, leaf blades and leaf petioloes of the sprorophyte.
archegonia vs antheridia
ovule/seed ovuliferous scale bract	Identify parts, how many seeds per scale?
...
. The outer layers include integuments of the sporangium wall and to the inside a nucellus tissue, both part of the parent sporophyte. The nucellus provides stored nutrients for the gametophyte which develops from the single megaspore (n) (produced by meiosis of a diploid mother cell). Identify these tissues
from outside in; ovule integument- gametophyte-sporophyte embryo	indentify layers
Pinus staminate cone, what are differences	find sporophylls and sporangia
Conifer pollen; multicellular
Get a slide and find pollen tubes growing from the pollen. A nucleus migrates down into the tube; it later divides to form two sperm which are delivered to an archegonium. Find this nucleus in one of the germinating grains	Describe; what stage ?
Pinus elliottii (slash pine) dorsiventral organs produced as direct outgrowths of the apical meristem
long shoots" indeterminate, produce papery scale leaves	Pinus
"short shoots" borne in their axils; determinate fascicle (bundle) of photosynthetic, needle-leaves
The genus Pinus shows what is known as shoot dimorphism pine needle fascicles
Left:bald cypress; leaves spreading (dorsiventral shoots) taxodium disticum	position of leaves/describe shoots
pond cypress; leaves appressed; radially symetrical shoots taxodium ascendens	position of leaves/ describe shoots
Taxodium(cypress) Butresses; provide extra stability in soft marshy substratum "knees," which likewise represent localized zones of unequal secondary growth, in this case upward from the main roots. They usually rise just above the water level, which strongly suggests a role in obtaining oxygen for the root	describe bases and growth around
Female cones taxodium.	strobilus genus ? compare
Male strobili taxodium	Microsporangia how does it differ
Taxodium pollen	Taxodium- monicious dioecious ?
Coontie-cycads-dioecious	monoecious or dioecious?
Microsporangia on surface-cycad-male cone	location of microsporangia ?
Cycad-female cone-megosporophylls with ovules on surface-compare to pinus
from outside in, integument female gametophyte	Gametophyte tissue and embryo, cotyledons ?
Cycads-fix nitrogen absorbed by plants (nostoc, cyanobacteria) Roots produce neurotoxin BMAA
Sunflower- dicot X-inside P-outside	find vascular cambium
As growth season nears its end, cells of smaller diameter produced. New growth season will begin with larger diameter cells. The contrast is visible as growth rings. Basswood	Describe any differences between early and late wood in the sections. How many seasons of growth has each stem section gone through? What tissues would be present in the first-formed layer of "bark"?
older sections grow
transverse; the Pine secondary xylem maceration slide. (Particular cells types are inconsistently stained red or blue here) Identify the tracheids, tubular cells with tapered ends and variously shaped pits or openings in their secondary walls. Fibers are somewhat slenderer, but with much thicker walls that leave only a very narrow lumen inside
show tracheids and fibers but also vessels, conducting cells that are much wider than the tracheid and are perforated at their ends
secondary xylem, the position of the vascular cambium, and where the secondary phloem would be found. About how many seasons of growth are apparent in the secondary xylem of each tree trunk? Identify the sapwood and the heartwood. What is the difference between the two? What is the difference in their function? If the trunk were freshly cut, which parts would consist of living cells? Which parts would contain mainly dead cells? All dead cells?
Take a look at the bark, and describe the differences you see among the species on display. What tissues are present in bark at this mature stage of growth? Where do the cork cambia arise? Is there a species on display where you can actually see how many cork cambia contributed to the bark present?	?
white oak
The tangential section is cut lengthwise but not along a radius, instead passing through a peripheral part of the stem radial section (cut lengthwise, along a radius
radially symmetric. That means that the petals are identical in design, and project from a central point or focus.
A bilaterally symmetric flower has two sides (left and right) which are mirror images of one another
White-magnolia-spiral alternate
Yellow-lillium-whorled simultaneous
1. Sepals - enclose and protect rest of flower in bud (comprise calyx). 2. Petals - colorful display to attract pollinators (comprise corolla). 3. Stamens - bear male sporangia known as anthers (comprise androecium). 4. Carpels - bear & enclose ovules, form pistil(s) individually or by fusion (comprise gynoecium).	: (1) calyx; (2) corolla (calyx + corolla = perianth); (3) androecium; (4) gynoecium.
label
Flower with single central pistil: Whorl of carpels fused together at edges to form single pistil
Flower with many pistils: Each carpel folds edges together to form a separate pistil
Know difference-sunflower inferior If the chamber is below the apparent point of insertion of the remaining floral parts (stamens, petals, sepals), we say that the ovary is inferior. If above, superior
a single megaspore results after the other three meiotic products break down. Lillium 4 gametophytes Lilium ovary: megasporocyte. endosperm is a nutrient tissue within the seed (it is most of what you eat in corn)
Lilium anthers x.s., pollen tetrads Haploid microspores are produced inside the pollen sacs by meiosis, and they usually are in tetrads (groups of four). Each microspore divides by mitosis to form a male gametophyte or pollen grain
Capsule fruit-dry-dehiscent Seeds dispersal Wind agent Ceiba= silk cotton tree
Mahogany- Capsule-dry-dehiscent- Seed  dispersal Wind  agent
Squirting cucumber- explosive dehiscence - fruit Seed  dispersal Hydrostatic pressure  agent
-Ackee- dehiscent fruit- -Fleshy edible aril develops from funiculus (stalk) of ovule. Seed  dispersal Animals  agent
Rosary pea - legume fruit - dehiscent Seed  dispersal Animals  agent
Dandelion- indehiscent fruit- composite family Fruit  dispersal Wind  agent
Coconut- indehiscent fruit Fruit  dispersal Water  agent
Sea bean- indehiscent fruit Fruit  dispersal Water  agent
hitchhiker" fruits with hooks, spines or velcro-like fuzz. Attach to animal fur, feathers, limbs Indehiscent fruits Fruit  dispersal Animals  agent
Goldfoot fern phlebodium aureum Common SW Florida epiphytes on Sabal palmetto leaf bases.
shoestring fern Vittaria lineata	Common SW Florida epiphytes on Sabal palmetto leaf bases.
Shoot apical meristem of fern Nephrolepis, showing apical cell.
antheridia fern gametophyte	Male gametophyte
neck and canal is found in	fern archegonia
what makes up the bark ?	Cork and secondary phloem
druplets together form	aggregate fruit