1.
agglomeration: the spatial clustering of people and economic activities, especially industries that are related or interdependent, in a place.
2.
agglomeration diseconomies: urban growth can result in increased taxes or increased transportation costs because of congestion
3.
agglomeration economies: firms can achieve cost savings by locating in urban areas that have a sizable pool of skilled labor and also house needed suppliers.
4.
backward linkages: the economic activities that help access or extract the staple
5.
commodities: when people assign economic value to resources and trade them
6.
commodity chain: the linked sequence of operations from the design to the production and distribution of a good.
7.
commodity-dependent developing countries (CDDC): refers to those countries that have a heavy reliance on the export of primary commodities. Could be used to express the ratio of the value of commodity exports to a country's gross domestic product.
8.
deindustrialization: the long term decline in industrial employment
9.
demand linkages: the demand for and purchase of consumer goods
10.
export-processing zone: called a free-trade zone, is an industrial area that operates according to different policies than the rest of the country
11.
flexible production: uses information technologies such as computer networking to make production of goods more responsive to market conditions and therefore more efficient.
12.
Fordism: asystem of industrial production designed for mass production and influenced by the principles of scientific management.
13.
forward linkages: process the staple resource (example: sawmills associated with logging.)
14.
heavy manufacturing: the fabrication of items such as steel, nuclear fuel, chemical products, or petroleum as well as durable goods such as motor vehicles, refrigerators, and military equipment.
15.
Industrial revolution: the fundamental changes in technology and systems of production that began in England in the late 18th century
16.
industry: distinct groups of economic activities
17.
Just-in-time delivery: how a company manages its inventory and obtains the materials, components, or supplies it needs.
18.
light manufacturing: activities related to the assembly of clothing or small appliances such as irons or light fixtures as well as the manufacture of food products, beverages, or medical instruments
19.
linkages: the other economic activities that emerge in conjunction with a specific primary industry
20.
manufacturing: involves the physical or chemical transformation of materials into new products.
21.
Manufacturing value-added (MVA): the cost of the finished product and subtracting from it the cost of purchased inputs necessary to produce it such as fuel, electricity, and the cost of other parts or materials.
22.
Maquiladoras: a manufacturing plant, often foreign-owned, that receives duty-free imported materials, assembles or presses them, and exports them.
23.
Newly industrialized economies (NIEs): important centers of manufacturing in the 1980s. Known as the four asian tigers.
24.
offshoring: the transfer of an internal or outsourced business from a domestic to an international location.
25.
outsourcing: when a company subcontracts a business activity that was previously performed inhouse to another firm
26.
postindustrial societies: have high levels of urbanization, dominance of the service sector, and prevalence of "white collar" workers, based heavily on information and technology, and a knowledge-based economy
27.
primary industries: Industries that extract natural resources from the Earth.
28.
quaternary services: service industries including or related to transportation, telecommunications, real estate, insurance, finance, and management.
29.
quinary services: service industries such as research, education, and engineering that facilitate the creation of innovations through the production of new knowledge and skills.
30.
secondary industries: Industries that assemble, process, or convert raw or semiprocessed materials into fuels or finished goods
31.
staple: a primary resource that dominates the exports of an economy
32.
staple theory: that the resource geography of an area shapes its economic system through linkages
33.
system of production: the dominant ways of organizing and coordinating the manufacture of goods.
34.
Taylorism: scientific management that involved studying the tasks performed by workers, timing the workers, and, if necessary, altering their movements in order to minimize wasted effort.
35.
techopole: an area with a cluster of firms conducting research, design, development, and/or manufacturing in high-tech industries such as wireless communications.
36.
tertiary industries: industries that provide services usually in the form of nontangible goods, to other businesses and/or consumers.
37.
vertical integration: when a company controls two or more stages in the produciton or distribution of a commodity
