| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Approximate dates of Indo-European as a living language | 5000BC-3000BC |
| Five non-IE languages. | Turkish, Arabic, Hebrew, Finnish, Hungarian |
| Approx date of CGmc as living language. | 100 BC |
| Difference in basis of syllabic accent in IE and CGmc | IE had pitch-based stress. Old English had loudness-based stressed. |
| Ablaut Series | an ablaut is a change in a vowel caused by stress or accent. In an ablaut series, changes in vowels of roots indicate |
| Inflection | variations on the form of a word to indicate change in meaning or grammatical relationships. |
| Change made by CGmc to case structure of IE | In Germanic, the ablative & locative fell together with the dative case. Instrumental survived into early OE. Vocative |
| Distinction added by CGmc to adjective declensions of IE. | adjectives could take comparative or superlative forms. |
| New class of verbs added by CGmc to IE. | weak verbs |
| How many verb classes in IE? | 8 |
| Oldest Germanic language for which we have texts. | Gothic |
| First inhabitants of Britain speaking IE language. | Celts |
| Date of Roman departure from Britain. | 410 AD |
| Date of first Germanic invasion of Britain. | 449 AD |
| Two of three tribes of Germanic invaders of Britain. | 1. Angles 2. Saxons 3. Jutes |
| Date of Christianization in England. | 597 AD |
| Where we got our alphabet | St. Augustine brought Latin alphabet to England. Runic alphabet was also integrated. Because Irish Christian |
| Date Viking raids began. | 787 |
| synthetic language | relationships expressed by inflections |
| analytic | grammatical relationships expressed with separate words |
| One sound lost from OE to PDE | long consonants |
| 2 classes of words used more frequently in PDE than in OE | prepositions, conjunctions, articles |
| When OE inverted subject/verb order | 1. to ask a question 2. negative 3. adverbial expressions |
| Classes of words used more frequently in PDE than OE because of movement from inflectional to isolating language | function words, prepositions, conjunctions |
| form taken by future tense in OE | present tense + adverbs |
| two syntactic differences between OE & PDE. | OE was inflected, so syntax was relatively loose. Adjective/noun order could be reversed. No noun adjuncts. |
| Sources of Borrowed vocabulary in OE | Latin, Celtic, Old Norse |
| accusative | grammatical case used in inflecting languages for direct objects or objects of prepositions |
| dental preterite | the past tense form of words that end in /d/ or /t/ |
| preterite-present verb | in OE, a verb whose tense was originally past |
| Dark Ages | 1100-1250 |
| al-thing | meeting between tribal leaders to discuss Christianity |
| nominative case | subject or subject compliment |
| genitive | posessive |
| dative | object of preposition, indirect object of verb |
| accusative | object of verb, adverbial expression of time and space |
Combine with other sets
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