KIN 310 Lecture 18
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TessGoering on April 1, 2012
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34 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Systemic | To the body; From the left side of the heart. |
| Pulmonary | To the lungs; From the right side of the heart. |
| Blood Flow through the Heart | Coronary Sinus -> Right Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Semilunar Valve -> Pulmonary Trunk -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> Mitral Valve -> Left Ventricle -> Aortic Semilunar Valve -> Aorta -> BODY |
| Cardiovascular Functions | Circulation: Delivery, removal, transportation of hormones. Regulation: Maintenance of acid-base balance, thermoregulation, immune function |
| Myocardium | Heart Muscle: Cells are anatomically interconnected end to end, has gap junctions & desmosomes, calcium induced calcium release contractions. |
| SA Node | Specialized cardiac muscle fibers located in the upper posterior wall of the right atrium. Initializes contraction. |
| AV Node | Located in the right atrial wall, it conducts the impulse from the atria to ventricles. There is a .13 sec delay as signals pass through the av node to allow for complete ventricular diastole. |
| Bundle of His (AV bundle) | Travels along the ventricular septum sending bundle branches to both ventricles to relay the electrical impulse toward the apex of the heart & outwards |
| Perkinje Fibers | Terminal branches of the AV bundles which transmit the impulse 6X faster that the rest of the system allowing the ventricles to contract as a single unit. |
| Extrinsic control of Heart Rate | Parasympathetic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Endocrine System |
| Parasympathetic NS & HR | Acts through the vagus nerve by sending impulses to the SA & Av nodes -Absence of vagal tone = 100 bpm -Max vagal tone = 20-30 bpm At rest = PNS |
| Sympathetic NS & HR | Increases the rate of impulse generation & conduction speed in order to increase heart rate and force of contraction. Max sympathetic HR = 250 bpm SNS during Stress (HR>100 bpm) |
| Endocrine System & HR | Epinepherine & Norepinephrine increase heart rate & contractility and are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system. |
| Resting Heart Rate | 60 - 100 BPM But can decrese with endurance training via increased parasympathetic stimulation & reduced sympathetic stimulation. |
| EKG | Picture of the electrical activity of the heart recorded with 10 electrons which correspond to 12 different views of the heart. P wave, QRS complex, and T wave are the components. |
| P Wave | Atrial Depolarization: small bump in graph |
| QRS Complex | Ventricular Depolarization: Q - Downward point R - Large upward spike S - Downward spike |
| T Wave | Atrial Repolarization which occurs during ventricular depolarization: post spike hump |
| Cardiac Arrhythmia | An abnormal rate or rhythm of muscle contractions in the heart |
| Bradycardia | Abnormally slow heartbeat (usually applied to heart rates slower than 60 bpm) |
| Tachycardia | Abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute) |
| Premature Ventricular COntractions | Skipped or extra beats from impulses originating outside the SA Node (wide, bizarre QRS complexes) |
| Atrial Flutter | Serious: Atria contract at a rate between 200 & 400 bpm |
| Atrial Fibrillation | Serios: Atria contract in a rapid & uncoordinated way |
| Ventricular Tachycardia | Serious: Three or more consecutive PVC's |
| Ventrical Fibrillation | Serious: Contracts of the ventricular tissue is uncoordinated and can result in cardiac death |
| Cardiac Cycle | The mechanical & electrical events that occur during one heart beat (Systole to Systole) |
| Systole | The contraction phase during which the chambers expel blood: QRS to T wave |
| Diastole | The relaxation phase during which the chambers fill with blood: T wave to QRS (takes twice as long as systole) |
| Stroke Volume (SV) | Volume of blood pumped per contraction: SV=EDV-ESV |
| End-diastolic Volume (EDV) | Volume of blood in ventricle just before contraction: About 100 mL |
| End-systolic Volume (ESV) | Volume of blood in ventricle just after contraction: About 40 mL |
| Ejection Fraction (EF) | Proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each beat: EF = SV/EDV = (60/100 or 60% at rest) |
| Cardiac Output (Q) | Total volume of the blood pumped b the ventricle per minute: Q(L/min) = HR(bpm) X SV(L/beat) Q = 70bpm X 60 mL/beat = 4.2 - 5.6 L/min at Rest |
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