Holt Ch. 10: Later Middle Ages
About this set
Created by:
MrsPrell on April 1, 2012
Subjects:
Description:
Holt Medieval to Early Modern Times
Classes:
Mrs. Prell's Core B, Mrs. Prell's Core 7
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 excommunicate |  to cast out from the church |
| authority |  power; the right to rule given by God through the church (Pope) |
| Pope Gregory VII |  (1020-1085) powerful medieval pope; fought with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the power to choose church officials |
| Emperor Henry IV |  (1050-1106) Holy Roman Emperor; fought against Pope Gregory VII over the power to choose church officials; excommunicated |
| crusades |  a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia; fought for control of the Holy Land from 1096 to 1291 |
| Holy Land |  the region on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea where Jesus lived, preached, and died; crusaders established four kingdoms here during the first crusade |
| Pope Urban II |  (c. 1035-1099) Medieval pope; called on Christians to launch the First Crusade |
| King Richard I |  (1157-1199) King of England;led Christian soldiers in the Third Crusade; earned respect of his enemies as well as Christian soldiers for bravery and fairness; nicknamed Richard the Lionhearted |
| Saladin |  (1137-1193) Muslim general; led the Muslim forces during the Third Crusade |
| clergy |  church officials |
| religious order |  a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules; some collected and stored religious texts |
| Francis of Assisi |  (c. 1182-1226) Italian saint; encouraged people to be kind to others; founded the Franciscan Order |
| friars |  a member of a religious order who lived and worked among the public |
| Thomas Aquinas |  (1225-1274) Dominican philosopher; argued that rational thought could be used to support Christian belief |
| natural law |  a law that people believed God had created to govern how the world operated; associated with St. Thomas Aquinas |
| Magna Carta |  a document signed in 1215 by King John of England that required the king to honor certain rights; limited the power of the king, whom the nobles thought had too much power |
| parliament |  the lawmaking body that governs England; the beginning of democracy in Eruope after the Fall of Rome |
| Hundred Years' War |  long conflict between England and France because Frenchman took over throne in France, which made English king mad. English king ended up invading France... war was actually over 100 years |
| Black Death |  a deadly plague that swept through Europe (originating in Asia) between 1347 and 1351; thought to be responsible for the death of 25 million people in Europe |
| heresy |  religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings |
| Reconquista |  effort of Christian kingdoms in northern Spain to retake land from the Moors (Muslims) during the Middle Ages |
| King Ferdinand |  (1452-1516) King of Spain; he and his wife Isabella completed the Reconquista: forced Jews in Spain to become Christian or leave; banned Islam |
| Queen Isabella |  (1451-1504) Queen of Castile in Spain; helped complete the Reconquista. She and her husband banned Islam and forced all Jews in Spain to become Christian or leave. Also helped pay for the voyages of Christopher Columbus |
| Spanish Inquisition |  an organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion |
| Pope Leo IX |  (1002-1049) taken prisoner by the Normans (French). "The pope's stand on primacy of the papacy [or being first/foremost] in the west disrupted relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church and led, not long after his death, to a more or less permanent schism." Opposed Michael Cerularius's ideas, Patriarch of Constantinople |
| Michael Cerularius |  (c. 1000-1059) Patriarch of Constantinople (Byzantine Empire) from 1043 to 1059; opposed to Pope Leo IX ideas; started the east-west schism of the church |
| Saint Peter |  Early leader of the Christian church; one of Jesus's twelve apostles; also known as Simon Peter, the first pope of the Catholic Church |
| Great Schism |  Also known as the east-west schism: separation of Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church in 1054 |
| bishop |  ordained member of Christian clergy; entrusted with a position of authority under the leader of the church (pope or bishop of Constantinople) |
| Pope Urban |  (ca. 1035 - 29 July 1099) called on Christians from all over Europe to retake the Holy Land |
| First Crusade |  (1096 to 1099) launched by Pope Urban II; considered successful because they recaptured the Jerusalem and the Holy Land, which freed Christians from Muslim rule |
| Second Crusade |  (1145 to 1147) failed because of internal disagreements among crusaders that led to the loss of Jerusalem in 1187 |
| Third Crusade |  (1189 to 1192) led by Richard I and the king of France; failed because of an army torn by dissension and fighting on foreign soil could not succeed against forces united by the religious zeal of the Muslims |
| Fourth Crusade |  (1202 to 1204) diverted into a battle for Constantinople; failed to recapture Jerusalem |
| Geoffrey Chaucer |  Known as the father of English literature; wrote "The Canterbury Tales" |
| Cluny |  Benedictine abbey in Eastern France; started in 910; housed many manuscripts, which were later destroyed |
| gothic architecture |  style of architecture; flourished during the high and late middle ages; characteristic features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress |
| habeas corpus |  common law legal system originating in England; Latin for "you should have the body"; requires government to produce a prisoner before a court and justify his or her imprisonment. Purpose: to release someone who has been arrested unlawfully. Nothing to do with whether prisoner is guilty, only whether due process has been observed |
| Joan of Arc |  (c. 1412-1431) French peasant girl, a heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions; rallied French troops during the Hundred Years War to resist the English and to have Charles VII crowned king |
| Pope Innocent III |  (c. 1160-1216) one of the most powerful and influential popes in history; exerted wide influence over the Christian regimes of Europe, claiming supremacy. Called upon Christian forces to begin The Fourth Crusade (crusaders ended up sacking Constantinople) |
| Castile |  (1035-1230) one of the largest medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula |
| Granada |  the last kingdom in present day Spain to fall under Muslim rule |
| policy |  rule; course of action |
| Moors |  Spanish Muslims were eventually run out of Spain |
| Runnymede |  a meadow near London where King John was cornered and made to sign the Magna Carta |
| Zara |  one of the Venetians rival trade city during the middle ages |
| abbot |  the superior of a community of monks |
| Palestine |  a region in Southwest Asia; part of the Holy Land (Islamic Caliphate) |
| Compostela |  a city in northwestern Spain |
| pilgrimages |  journeys pilgrims take to religious locations |
| manor |  an estate in land governed by the noble and operated by the peasants |
| Latin |  language spoken by Catholic church clergy and scholars |
| university |  place of learning; initially set up by the church |
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