Chapter 16 Book Notes
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26 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 interferon | an antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus |
| What can induce fever in a human? | *bacterial endotoxins *interleukin-1 *tumor necrosis factor alpha |
| tumor necrosis factor alpha | TNF- alpha stands for *stimulates production of acute-phase proteins |
| acute-phase proteins | proteins that increase rapidly in serum during acute infection, inflammation, or following tissue injury |
| inflammation | is a bodily response to cell damage, it is characterized by redness, pain, heat, swelling and sometimes the loss of function |
| diapedesis | the movement of white blood cells from the blood across blood vessel walls into tissues |
| pus | the accumulation of damaged tissue and dead microbes, granulocytes, and macrophages |
| What does a chill indicate in a body? | indicates a rising body temperature, crisis (sweating) indicates the body's temperature is falling |
| C3 activation can result in? | cell lysis inflammation opsonization |
| How do the proteins of the complement system destroy microbes? | 1. cytolysis 2. inflammation 3. phagocytosis |
| cytolysis | bursting of microbe due to inflow of extracellular fluid through transmembrane channel formed by membrane attack complex |
| How are complement proteins designated? | by an uppercase letter C and are inactive until they are split into fragments (products) |
| What does the complement system do? | complements the cells of the immune system in destroying microbes *does not change over the course of person's lifetime * considered part of the innate immune system |
| complement system | a defensive system consisting of over 30 proteins produced by the liver and found circulating in blood serum and within the tissues |
| At what temp does a fever cause death? | 112-114 degrees F |
| How does the body increase body temperature when reset by hypothalmus in a fever? | *body constricts blood vessels increasing the rate of metabolism *shivering *new temp maintained until the cytokines are eliminated |
| The phase of the fever in which skin becomes warm | crisis indicates that body temp is falling |
| How does the hypothalamus cause fever? | cytokines interleukin-1 with TNF-alpha cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamic thermostat at a higher temperature, therby causing fever |
| fever | abnormally high body temperature, the 3rd component of the second line of defense |
| Body temperature is controlled by what part of the brain? | hypothalamus |
| How are complement proteins numbered? | C1 to C9 in the order they were discovered |
| How are complement protein fragments designated? | indicated by lowercase letters a and b |
| activated fragments | carry out the destructive actions of the C1 through C9 complement proteins |
| Complement protein cascade | one reaction triggers another, shich in turn triggers another and so on, more product is formed with each succeeding reaction so that the effect is amplified many times as the reactions continue |
| membrane attack complex | -A molecular complex including complement proteins that generates a -nm diameter pore in a bacterial membrane, causing the cell to die. |
| histamine | chemical released by activated mast cells that increases the flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding area |
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