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John F. Kennedy President during Bay of Pigs, and Cuban Missile Crisis. Strong image icon. Creator of Civil Rights Act. Richard M. Nixon He was a committee member of the House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities (to investigate "subversion"). He tried to catch Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930's. This brought Nixon to the attention of the American public. In 1956 he was Eisenhower's Vice-President. Joseph Kennedy This individual was appointed chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission. This commission was the "police force" of Wall Street—new regulations for trading stocks The "New Frontier" Kennedy's promising new set of domestic reforms. Lyndon B. Johnson Vice president under Kennedy. Lee Harvey Oswald The person who killed Kennedy, a marxist. Jack Ruby This nightclub owner killed Lee Harvey Oswald. Convicted, without a larger conspiracy. The Warren Commission The Committee appointed to investigate Oswald and Ruby by Lyndon Johnson. The Great Society Lyndon Johnson's own set of political reforms. Barry Goldwater 1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history Medicare Provides federal aid to the wealthy for medical expenses. Medicaid Similar to medicare, however the people who can recieve the aid must need it. "War on Poverty" Kennedy's, and later Johnson's idea of fighting poverty with various welfare systems including medicare and -aid, and the Office of Economic Opportunity. Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) An Office under Johnson that created new housing, employment and welfare systems. Spent 3 billion in the first 2 years. "Community Action" The program that allowed the residents of poorer ares to partake in creating the programs that would help them in the end. Housing Act of 1961 The housing act gave federal grants to cities with open space, created mass transit systems, and the subsidization of national housing. Department of Housing and Urban Development the United States federal department that administers federal programs dealing with better housing and urban renewal Robert Weaver First African American in the Cabinet to serve as Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Model Cities Offered Federal Subsidies for urban redevelopment. Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 Extended aid to federal and parochial schools based on the need of the students. Immigration Act of 1965 Limited the immigration quota to 170,000 people with no restrictions. Woolworth Sit-in The beginning of many sit-ins in the south with black college students at the lunch counter. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) The student branch of MLK's SNCC. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) MLK's group that worked to keep spirit alive. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) An interracial group of students that began the "freedom rides" "Freedom Rides" Where CORE student rode through bus stations to force desegregation. Martin Luther King, Jr. African American civil rights leader Eugene "Bull" Connor Police commissioner that used violence o break up peaceful protest. George Wallace The Governor of Alabama that stood in the doorway of a University to prevent black students from entering. Medgar Evers An official of the NAACP, was murdered. Birmingham bombing A bombing of a black church that killed 4 African American children. March on Washington More than 200,000 demonstrators marched down the mall of Washington D.C. followed by MLK's famous speech. Civil Rights Act of 1964 This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. "Freedom Summer" Thousands of Civil White workers spread to support black voter registration. Andrew Goodman/ Michael Schwerner Two of the murdered african American's, the first freedom workers. James Chaney On of the first freedom workers, white. Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) An integrated alternatie to the regular state party organization. Fannie Lou Hamer Leader of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. Jim Clark Selma Sherif, led police to brutal attacks on African American's who were registering to vote. Selma March King's major demonstration to press for the the rights to vote, in Alabama. Voting Rights Act of 1965 a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically. "Affirmative Action" When companies needed to show that they were in fact hiring minorities. Watts Riot Most serious race riot since the end of WWII in L.A. A white police officer struck and opposing black citizen with a club, this triggered a storm of anger and a week of violence. Commission on Civil Disorders A commission by the president designed to eliminate the abysmal conditions in the Ghettoes. "Black Power" A shift away from the goals of assimilation and toward increased awareness of racial distinctiveness. Black Panthers A black group that denounced the whites as devils. Malcolm X Black Muslim who changed his last name. Killed when a gunman from the Nation of Islam shot him. "Green Berets" Soldiers trained to fight specific conflicts and other limited wars. "Alliance for Progress" Kennedy's peaceful projects that wanted to stabilize and better develop that region. Fidel Castro The dictator of Cuba. , Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927) Bay of Pigs A failure by the American government to attack cuba using exiles, it offered support but that support never came because Kennedy didn't want to be that involved. Nikita Khrushchev Soviet premier. The Berlin Wall The division of East and West Germany. Cuban Missile Crisis When the American found out that the Soviets were placing Nuclear missals in Cuba. Rafael Trujillo The repressive dictator of the Dominican Republic. Juan Bosch This man planned to create a pro-castro regime in the Dominican Republic. Ngo Dinh Diem The new leader of South Vietnam. The American regarded him as an impressive alternative to Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh This man was replaced by Diem, still had supporters that the American did not like. Vietminh an organization of Vietnamese Communists and other nationalist groups that between 1946 and 1954 fought for Vietnamese independence from the French National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) An organization closely allied with the North Vietnamese Army that began military operations in the South. Ngo Dinh Nhu The brother of Diem. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Authorized the president to take all necessary measure to protect American Forces and prevent further aggression in southeast asia. Pleiku Place where Viet Cong guerrillas attacked in February 1965 Da Nang The largest, most important army base of the ARVN in South Vietnam. Its base was plagued by Viet Cong snipers and small rocket attacks. "Attrition" strategy The belief that the United States could inflict more damage on the enemy than the enemy could absorb. This strategy failed because the North Vietnamese were willing to commit many more soldiers and resources to the conflict than the United Stateshad predicted. "Pacification" Push the Viet Cong from certain regions. J. William Fulbright along with journalist, this Senator and chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, turned against the war and in January 1966 began to stage highly publicized and occasionally televised congressional hearings to air criticisms of it. Robert F. Kennedy The Presidential candidate that was assasinated after he won the California Presidential Primary by Sirhan B Sirhan Robert McNamara The US Secretary of Defense during the battles in Vietnam. He was the architech for the Vietnam war and promptly resigned after the US lost badly Clark Clifford replace Robert McNamara as LBJ's Sec. of Defense in 1968 as McNamara becomes opposed to Vietnam War The Tet Offensive Surprise attacks on major cities and towns and American military bases throughout South Vietnam. Eugene McCarthy 1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform. Hubert Humphrey LBJ's vice president and McCarthy's opposition in 1968 primary after LBJ stepped down. won nomination; not presidency. James Earl Ray convicted of killing Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 and sentenced to 99 years in jail Sirhan Sirhan Assassinated Robert Kennedy on June 6, 1968 in Chicago after hearing pro-Israeli remarks in his victory statement after having won the California primaries. 1968 Democratic Convention Significant event in presidential election of 1968; demonstrated the confusion and lack of unity among Democrats; outside, protests and police brutality