| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Louisiana Purchase | Napoleon Bonaparte sold Thomas Jefferson the Louisiana Purchase for 15 million USD. HS: More than doubled the land size of the US and allowed settlers and explorers to move West, creating more states. |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | Adams convinced Onis to give Florida to the US and established a western boundary for the US that extended from the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico north to the Arkansas River, north to the 42nd parallel, and west to the Pacific. HS: Expanded US territory more to the west. |
| American System | An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves. HS: This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. |
| Second Great Awakening | Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. HS: Inspired many to reform and push for rights, especially women. |
| Trail of Tears | A journey that forced thousands of Cherokee Indians to move to the west; hundreds died on the journey. HS: One of the many US's actions to segregate and relocate the Indians. |
| Industrial Revolution | Large-scale production resulting in massive change in social and economic organization. HS: Revolutionized the economy and industrialized the US. |
| Abolitionists Movement | Abolitionists were people that started movements to end slavery. They helped smuggle slaves to the North where they were free and advocated equal rights. |
| Revivalism | Second Great Awakening led to it. Revived a great faith in Christianity with more Americans belonging to the church. HS: Led to more people advocating equal rights such as blacks and women. |
| Sojourner Truth | United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women. HS: Became a figure model in the leading to equal rights. |
| Wilmot Proviso | Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the war with Mexico. HS: Leading step to ending slavery, but created commotion between citizens. Led to the Southerners believing it was an attack on them, causing resentment. |
| Fugitive Slave Act | Fugitive slaves were not entitled to a trial by jury and anyone found helping one could be fined and jailed. HS: Led to the founding of the Underground Railroad which led slaves to the North/ Canada where they were free. |
| Underground Railroad | Abolitionists that helped lead slaves escape slavery by going into the North and Canada through a system of hidden networks and routes. HS: Helped hundreds of slaves escape into the North, led to the end of slavery. |
| Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857) | Supreme Court case where a slave sued for his freedom against his owner in a free state. The Court ruled against him and said he was never a citizen and will never be one. HS: One of the first cases where the Supreme Court reversed a federal legislative act and it fueled the hate, leading to Civil War. |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debate | The debates were on slavery in the territories and both agreed that slavery should be abolished, but both had different views on how to do it. Douglas believed that slavery could be avoided by representatives elected didn't enforce the rules. His speech divided the Democrats even though he won the Senate seat. Lincoln believed in banning slavery through an amendment and his attacks on slavery led him to be a candidate for President. HS: Speech led him to be a candidate for President, where he abolished slavery. |
| Election of 1860 | Lincoln was the Republicans' nomination for President and he won over Douglas and John C. Breckinridge. HS: Lincoln's victory led to the South's resentment of him and the North, believing their rights were violated, leading to succession, leading to the Civil War. |
| John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry | James Brown, an abolitionist, attempted to lead a slave uprising with blacks and whites in West Virginia. HS: It split the country in two in their opinions of it, split the North and South on views. Contributed to the Civil War. |
| Panic of 1857 | Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads. HS: Led to economic reforms which lowered tariff prices and the Treasury was authorized to sell revenue bonds. |
| Bleeding Kansas | Both supporters to opponents of slavery raced to populate Kansas to win the vote on slavery in election. The violence in Kansas led to its name. HS: Widened the gap between the North and South regarding slavery. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Created Kansas and Nebraska as states, opened new lands, repealed Missouri Compromise, and allowed the new citizens to choose whether or not they wanted slavery. HS: Led to violence, Bleeding Kansas, separation between North and South, created new states. |
| Texas/ Oregon Settlements | After Mexico was independent from Spain, Americans rushed to Texas to buy inexpensive land. HS: Expanded US territory west and slavery was outlawed in those states. |
| Compromise of 1850 | Written by Henry Clay, it appealed to both pro and against slavery citizens. It allowed California to be a free state, while enforcing fugitive slave laws. It allowed popular sovereignty, the right to vote for or against slavery in New Mexico and Utah. HS: Created new laws, postponed the Civil War just for a little while and eased tensions. |
| Dorothea Dix | A Union female nurse that fought to improve treatment for mentally disabled people. Also fought to reform the inhumane prison systems. HS: Key woman figure for women's rights reform and temperance reform. |
| Unitarian Movement | Growing religious group that shared revivalism, a faith in the individual. Preached perfection through reason instead of appealing to emotion. HS: Started the urge for reform in the states. |
| Frederick Douglass | Freed slave and abolitionist that published his own newspaper "The North Star". HS: Abolitionist that fought for anti-slavery and women with his writings and actions. Led to reform movements eventually. |
| Marbury vs. Madison | A case that set a precedent that the Supreme Court could rule a law passed by Congress as unconstitutional. H.S. Marbury v. Madison was the first time the Supreme Court declared something "unconstitutional," and established the concept of judicial review in the U.S. |
| War of 1812 | A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France H.S. This war showed that the United States was an independent power, capable of fighting it's own wars, ended the Federalist party, and encouraged the growth of American industries to manufacture products on their own. |
| Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. H.S. The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries, and that the United States would not interfere with existing European colonies nor in the internal concerns of European countries. |
| Mcculloch vs. Maryland | Supreme Court ruling: states had no right to interfere with federal institutions within their borders. H.S. Strengthened the authority of the national government over state governments. |
| Missouri Compromise | Under the leadership of Henry Clay, the issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. H.S. The Slavery/Non Slavery line was established. This divided the U.S. into a north and south faction whose difference in ideology still shows today. Contributed to the Civil War between the North and South. |
| Indian Removal Act | Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. H.S. The Removal Act paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. |
| Andrew Jackson's Native American Policy | Jackson was a leading advocate of a policy known as Indian removal. H.S. Andrew Jackson's policies led to the ethnic cleansing of several Indian tribes. |
| 2nd Nullification Crisis | South Carolina called a state convention that nullified the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 within their borders and threatened to secede if the federal government attempted to collect those tariff duties. H.S. Henry Clay took up his role as the Great Compromiser. On the same day the Force Bill passed, he secured passage of the Tariff of 1833. This latter measure provided for the gradual reduction of the tariff over 10 years down to the level which had existed in 1816. This compromise was acceptable to Calhoun who had not been successful with finding any other state to support him on nullification. Jackson signed both measures. |
| Kitchen Cabinet | Jackson's group of unofficial advisers consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used the Kitchen Cabinet more than his official Cabinet. They met in the kitchen. HS: It formed corruption in the US and proved that anyone can get a job inside the government without credentials. |
| Mormon Migration | The Mormons were persecuted and so, they migrated west along the Oregon Trail. Led by Brigham Young, the Mormons moved to the western states such as Nebraska, Wyoming, across the Rockies, and to the SW. HS: Played a mjor role in development of the West. They settled near the Great Salt Lake, which is now Utah. |
| Seneca Falls Convention and National Women's Rights Convention in Worcest | Early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York over two days, July 19–20, 1848. H.S. By 1851, at the second National Women's Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts, the issue of women's right to vote had become a central tenet of the women's rights movement. HS: Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, it became a major step for equality and womens' rights. |
| Gibbons vs Ogden | Supreme Court decision that ruled that the Constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed. |
| Factory System | A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building. HS: Much more efficient system of working, spurred a boom in economic power. |
| Tariff of Abomination | Tariff with very high rates on goods imported from other countries. Northerners wanted tariff to promote own industry-Southerners had no protection. HS: Led to resentment from the two, Southerners felt like they were being used, led to Civil War. |
| Bank War | Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks". HS: The bank just became another bank, his policies angered many people, and his enemies made the Whig Party. Led to the Panic of 1837. |
| Putting-Out System | The putting-out system was a means of subcontracting work. It was also known as the workshop system. In putting-out, work was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facility, usually their own home. HS: Led to the factory system, increased work production in the states. |
| Mexican-American War | War started from the annexation of Texas. It started from the US's need for expansion and land to the west, which was Mexico's land. HS: California, New Mexico, and Texas all became part of the US. The three states outlawed slavery. Led to the expansion of the US, western territory, and the Gold Rush populated California. |
| Manifest Destiny | This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. HS: Expanded US territory to the west, included states such as California, Texas, and New Mexico. Led to the Mexican American war and Mormon Migration. |
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