french revolution
Order by
79 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Nekar | finance minister; hired by Louis 14th to help, the people like him |
| clergy | 1st estate; about 1% of population; receive a tithe |
| tithe | 10% of the income from land owners |
| nobility | 2nd estate; about 2% of population; lightly taxed; not all rich (gentille poverty); manorial rights (could tax peasants, rights to hunt/fish, sword) |
| everyone else | 3rd estate; about 98% of population; bourgeouise, workers (very involved in rev.), peasants 85% |
| bourgeouise | prosperous merchants; 13% of 3rd estate; petty=lower middle class; haut=upper middle class |
| business men | 3rd estate group, want economic freedom |
| workers | 3rd estate group, want freedom from capitalists who control wages |
| haut bourgeoisie | 3rd estate group-upper middle class; want to replace privilege based on birth with privilege based on wealth |
| peasants | 3rd estate group; want freedom from feudal obligations |
| assembly of notables | primarily important noblemen and high ranking clergy who were not in favor of changing the tax system |
| estates general | representatives from each state come to vote on issues |
| parlement of paris | null king's taxes by decree; enlightenment idea of "fundamental law" against which no king can transgress - national consent to taxation and arbitrary arrest and imprisonment |
| estates general | clergy, nobles, and commoners draft petitions for change (list of grievances) and come together to elect delegates to this. |
| priests | 2/3rds of 1st estate's delegates to estates general come from the poorer parish ___. |
| liberals | the 2nd estate's delegates to the estates general were badly split by wealth and education, and 1/3 were ___ commited to change |
| abbe sieyes | member of clergy; what is the third estate--everything backbones, everything rests on 3rd estate |
| vote, reorganization, 3rd | problems with the estates general include: how would the estate general ___ who would lead in the political ___ that was generally desired ___ estate always outvoted--wanted a real say. |
| national assembly | the third estate declares themselves the ___ ___, because they want more of a say with what goes on. |
| tennis court oath | government said okay, third estate should have as many delegates as the other two estates, but they will continue to meet separately; in response third estate refuse to transact an business until king orders them to sit as one body, eventually some parish priests mover over to 3rd estate, then eventually they find themselves locked out of their meeting hall so they go to a tennis court and pledge to not disband until they had written a new constitution (REVOLUTION BEGINS!) |
| Joseph Foulon | conservative minister; "the poor should eat grass like my horses" |
| bastille | the 1ST VIOLENT ACT OF THE REVOLUTION is when Parisians storm the ___. |
| declaration of the rights of man | national assembly ends feudalism and issues the ___ _ _ ___ _ ___; "men are born free and equal in rights" (locke); law expression of "general will" |
| natural | ___ rights--liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression, every man is presumed innocent until proven guilty |
| Marat | violent, angry, diseased; gets people revved up; writes newspaper called L'Ami du peuble; lounches attachs at girondists, calling for even more deaths |
| versailles | parisian women storm ___ to support national assembly, and protest high bread prices; took king, queen, and prince back to paris |
| constitution | the national assembly adopts a ___. abolishes french nobility; pushes creation of constitutional monarchy; broadens women's rights; 85 provinces, equal size; metric system; middle class owns most businesses, strips nobility o, clergy, doesn't do anything for the workers; sharpens conflict between the educated classes and common people |
| church | ___ policies=biggest mistake of national assembly's constitution, causes conflict for people who are truly devout; clergy become employees of the state, many flee the country |
| commune | an independent republican government in Paris formed by radical republicans; seizes power; imprisons the king; suffrage to all men; crushed by the National Assembly |
| national convention | est. by the Commune, declares France a republic |
| jacobins | (Mountain); radical, voilent |
| girondists | moderate; represent people of the countryside |
| san culottes | extremely radical; outside of national convention; laboring poor of paris |
| francis ii | france declares war on this hapsburg monarch |
| first coalition | prussia joins austria against france in a war that goes poorly for france |
| declaration of pillnitz | issued by austira and prussia; states their willingness to intervene in france in certain circumstances (meant to keep france from harming the king and the queen but has a different effect--enrages french |
| tuleries, legislative assembly | rumors of trason by the king spread through paris; the people of paris storm the ___, invade the royal palace-- king and family flee to ___ ___. |
| new legislative assembly | after the completion of the constitution, this comes to power; none of national assembly's members eligible for it; younger, less cautious members, many jacobins; committed to liberal revolution; distrustful of monarchy after louis attempted to flee |
| massacres | prussian armies invade france in the september ___; san cullottes break into prisons and kill anyone they feel may be a traito |
| louis XVI | husband of marie antoinette; eventually executed |
| marie antoinette | wife of louis XVI; had expensive tastes; might not actually have said "let them eat cake!" |
| charlotte corday | young woman from countryside who kills Marat to bring peace to her country |
| committee of public safety | jacobins arrest girondist leaders and set up the ___ _ ___ ___; the jacobins collaborate with the laboring poor of paris (sans colottes) to overthrow the girondists; under this--socialism, controlled exonomy- est. prices and reculated the economy, rationing; internal and external war--birth of nationalism, change in world relations |
| robespiere | led reign of terror, led committee of public safety; goes crazy; last victim of the guietiene |
| reign of terror | committee of public safety executes opponents during this; robespiere's personal vendetta=protect the revolution from internal enemies |
| new constitution | sets up a republic headed by a 5 man executive directory with a 2 house legislature; middle class take over once again; peasants and middle class get the most benefits out of this, women and workers do not |
| republic | fall of the directory marks the end of the ___ |
| napoleon | blend of liberal principles of enlightenment and conservative principles of the old regime; becomes First Consul |
| the consulate | First five years of Napoleon's rule as dictator after his 1799 coup d'etat in which he had sole power to propose new laws that the legislature could only approve or reject. |
| second coalition | Russian, Austrian, Ottoman and British alliance against Napoleon's threat in the Near East |
| treaty of amiens | napoleon does this with britain since he never can beat them, temporarily brings peace to europe |
| concordat, pope pius VII, organic articles | napolean makes a ___ with ___, and it forced refractory and consitutional clergy to resign. replacements received spiritual investiture from church but state named bishops and paid their salaries. church gave up its claim to confiscated properties. clergy had to swear an oath of loyalty to the state. the ___ ___ of 1802 establish supremacy of state over church--- church still has its place in society, but under state politically |
| consul for life | Plebiscite (vote of population) of 1802 makes napoleon ___ _ ___. |
| napoleonic code | fell short of the full equality desired by liberal nationalists; fathers granted control over children; men over women; labor unions forbidden; workers inferior to employers; middle class gets the most out of this |
| william pitt | "the younger"; britain; persuades russia and austria to move against napoleon |
| battle of trafalgar | horotio lord nelson destroys french and spanish fleet off coast of spain; guarantees british control of seas |
| horotio lord nelson | in the battle of trafalgar, he destroys french and spanish fleet off coast of spain |
| confederation of the rhine | after napoleon forces austria to withdraw from northern italy, he becomes king and replaces the Holy Roman Empire with the ___ _ _ ___, which gives them a taste of unification, spreading nationalism; prussia and austria become his allies |
| continental system | NAPOLEON'S FIRST MISTAKE! needs to defeat england but cannot launch a land invasion; issues a commercial blockade in an attempt to cripple britain financially, which backfires and hurts the french more; leads to 2nd and 3rd mistakes since Nap. will be trying to get back at those against France and gain more control |
| peninsular war | NAPOLEON'S SECOND MISTAKE! invades iberian peninsula to force portugal to abandon its alliance with britain; deposed the spanish bourbons and put his brother joseph on the throne; initially has to face guerilla warfare; the duke of wellington supports the spanish; this drains/weakens Nap.; shows french aren't invincible |
| joseph | napoleon's brother; nap deposed the spanish bourbons and put him on the throne (during peninsular war) |
| duke of wellington | he supports the spanish during the peninuslar war; defeats napolean later at waterloo |
| francis I | his daughter is archduchess marie louise |
| archduchess marie louise | francis i's daughter; marries napoleon since he is trying to get a male heir |
| josephine | napoleon divorces her in hopes of getting a male heir |
| invasion of russia | NAPOLEON'S THIRD MISTAKE! napoleon organizes grand duchy of warsaw (polish state) on doorsteps of russia; alexander i (czar) withdrew from continental system; napoleon takes his grand army (only 1/3 was french) into russia; alex uses scorched earth policy, buring as he retreats keeping napoleon from living off land, napoleon lost, abandoned his troops and rushed back t paris |
| grand duchy of warsaw (polish state) | organized by napoleon on doorsteps of russia |
| alexander i | czar of russia; withdrew from continental system; uses scorched earth policy, burning land as he retreats keeping napoleon from living off land |
| battle of Leipzig | napoleon abandons his troops and rushed back to paris; lead to his first exile in elba |
| grand alliance | russia, prussia, austria, and great britain |
| hundred days | napoleon escapes from exile in elba during a meeting or congress of vienna; met by louis 18's troops who abandon louis and side with napoleon; england sends duke of wellington to meet him, and duke defeats him at waterloo and nap. is exiled to st. helena |
| louis XVIII | after escaping from elba, napoleon is met by ___, whose troops abandon him and side with napoleon; flees as more and more join nap. |
| congress of vienna | negotiate the peace sttlement that ends napolean's war; five great powers to end the napoleonic wars and reorganize europe (prussia, russia, austria, france, england) |
| king frederick william iii | prussian power in congress of vienna |
| alexander i | russian power in congress of vienna |
| emperor francis i | austrian power in congress of vienna |
| foreign minister talleyrand | french power in congress of vienna |
| foreign minister castleraegh | english power in congress of vienna |
| kiemens von metternich | austrian, dominating force behind congress of vienna; very conservative; determines attitude of european rulers for next 50ish years |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.