1.
_________ is aural network for each ear that perceives pitch differently; pitch on one side sounds different than the other and severe of this will make it difficult to perform with others: Diplaucusis
2.
5,000- 20,000 Hz frequencies <...: 1/3 of membrane length
3.
20-5000 Hz frequency range >...: 2/3 of membrane length
4.
400 Hz & 600 Hz --> ___ Hz fundamental
400 Hz & 500 Hz --> ___ Hz fundamental: 200 Hz
100 Hz
5.
According to Ohm, the second order "beats" are due to changing _______, not an amplitude change: waveform
6.
Can higher frequencies easily mask lower frequencies?: No. But lower frequencies can easily mask higher ones
7.
Combination tones occur when additional frequencies produced when two ____ are played together: tones
8.
Equal ________ _____ occupy the same distance along membrane: frequency ratios
9.
Frequencies are ____ & _______ of harmonics of two tones: sums; differences
10.
If pairs of tones are played one after another, the ear will the fundamental for _______: each pair
11.
If the tones are identical except for _____ the softer tone can be ________ by the louder tone: intensity; masked
12.
In aural harmonics, the ear responds ________. Ex: 250 -->: logarithmically
- ... 500, 750, 1000
13.
In Ohm's Law, when two tones are played about one octave apart, the higher tone will be at a much ______ intensity. What is this called?: lower; Second Order beats
14.
In the critical band, response to a sound ______ occur at a single "place": does not
15.
Loud pure tone --> ... And louder tones produce _____ effect: - the ear generates higher harmonics
- more
16.
Musical notes are distinguishable at much _______ differences and additional sharpening is due to ______ _______: smaller; higher harmonics
17.
Peak (in sharpening) defines what?: - the pitch heard
18.
Ratio of frequency determines the _______: length
19.
Sharpening is sensitive to ____ of critical band: peak
20.
Softer tone must reach _______ _____ to be heard. Which is __ the intensity of the louder tone: masking level; 1/4
21.
Sum Tone equation? Difference Tone equation?: - f = nf1 + mf2
- f = |nf1 + mf2|
22.
Temporary hearing loss means temporary _____ ______. And is is usually shifted significantly ______: threshold shifts; higher
23.
The bigger the K, the bigger the ____: force
24.
The critical band region is ______ along basilar membrane. And is ______ at lower frequencies: ~ 1.2 mm; greater
25.
The ear is not perfectly linear so it will cause ______ _______: harmonic distortion
26.
The ear responds differently at different __________ in accordance to the _______ _______ curves: frequencies; equal loudness
27.
The Place Theory of Hearing is the correlation of ______ with position of maximum response along the _______ membrane: frequency; basilar
28.
The smallest amplitude of oscillation that can be detected detected is called? Is it greater or lower at lower frequencies?: The Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
- lower
29.
The wide region where sound is spread out over is called the ____ _____: critical band
30.
Threshold of pain? Does it differ from person to person?: The intensity at which sound becomes painful
31.
What 3 things can cause permanent hearing loss?: - Noise or drug exposure
- Infections of the middle ear
- Natural aging
32.
What are biaural beats?: Beats in which separate signals are sent to the two ears.
- If two tones have almost the same frequency, these beats will be heard
- due to mixing of neural pulses in the brain
33.
What are binaural effects? Is there physical mixing of the sound waves? Where do they combine?: - They are independent tones played together
- No
- Only combine in the brain
34.
What are combination tones?: Occur when additional frequencies produced when two tones are played together
35.
What are the two types of hearing loss?: - temporary
- permanent
36.
What causes tinnitus?: - intense narrow- band sound
- selectively damages one small part of the basilar membrane
37.
What creates aural harmonics?: Non-linearities in the middle ear
38.
What is fundamental tracking?: The ability of the brain to still identify a frequency as a fundamental even if it is missing
39.
What is masking?: Two tones played together where one tone is played much softer than the other
40.
What is Ohm's Law of Hearing?: Tone quality is determined by amplitude, not phase, of the harmonics
- only an approximation, not always valid
41.
What is sharpening?: It's sensitive to peak critical band
42.
What is the "Place Theory" of Hearing?: It is the correlation of frequency with position of maximum response along the basilar membrane
43.
What is the limit of frequency discrimination?: The minimum detectable difference in frequency between two pure tones played simultaneously
- 7% @ low frequencies (half step)
- 15% @ high frequencies (minor third)
44.
What is the precedent effect?: If multiple sources of the same sound are heard, all of the sound will seem to emanate from the nearest source
45.
What is the threshold of hearing?: The smallest intensity of sound that can be perceived
46.
When 2 notes are played with similar frequencies the tone sounds ______ and the critical bands ______: coarse; overlap
47.
When two notes in a harmonic series are played the _________ is heard & the _______ pitch is the missing fundamental: fundamental; periodicity
48.
Which is larger: JND or Limit of frequency discrimination?: Limit of frequency discrimination
49.
With localization of sounds, low frequencies use _____________ & high frequencies use ___________: - timing of wave arrival
- relative intensities
50.
With the JND, pure tone is oscillated in _______ where the oscillation is ______. Example?: - frequency; periodic
- pure vibrato is JND
51.
With the precedent effect, if multiple sources of the same sound are heard, all the sound will seem to emanate from the ________ ______: nearest source
