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zygote fertilized egg formed when egg and sperm cell fuse genome the complete genetic material contained in an individual karyotype photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs sex chromosomes Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual (X and Y, the 23rd pair in humans) autosomes Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (in humans there are 22 pairs) dominant describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait (seen in heterozygotes) recessive trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene (not seen in heterozygotes) codominant In heterozygotes both alleles are completely expressed to remember codominant COdominant = COmpletely incomplete dominance In heterozygotes a new intermediate trait is expressed that is in between the original traits to remember incomplete dominance INcomplete = INtermediate or IN between X-inactivation process that occurs in female mammals in which one of the X chromosomes is randonly turned off in each cell Barr body A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, comes from an inactivated X chromosome, visible in light microscopy Lyon hypothesis in females with XX genotype, one X is inactivated after zygote formed during embryonic development pedigree a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family black circle (pedigree) affected female black square (pedigree) affected male white square (pedigree) unaffected male white circle (pedigree) unaffected female